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词条 Hymenachne amplexicaulis
释义

  1. Biology

  2. Habitat

  3. Invasion

  4. References

{{Speciesbox
|image = Hymenachne amplexicaulis 1584.jpg
|genus = Hymenachne
|species = amplexicaulis
|authority = (Rudge) Nees
}}Hymenachne amplexicaulis, also known as West Indian marsh grass in the US, Olive hymenachne in Australia, and hereafter referred to as hymenachne, is New World species[1] in the genus Hymenachne. Hymenachne is from the Greek hymen meaning "membrane" and achne meaning "chaff, glume, scale" and amplexicaulis is from Latin, literally "embracing the stem" or "stem-clasping.[2] [3]This freshwater species is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the West Indies, Northern South America, and Central America.[4]

Biology

Hymenachne is a perennial grass that primarily reproduces via stolons.[4] This robust species is commonly found growing 1-2.5m tall.[4] The stems are hairless and float prostrate across the top of the water, then grow upright from these bases to support leaves.[4] The flat, triangular leaves (10–45 cm long, up to 3 cm wide) have a prominent clasping bases, or auricles.[4] The auricles help to distinguish it from other invasive wetland grasses and the native H. acutigluma in Australia.[5] Hymenachne has been shown to increase the stem length between nodes to keep leaves above water during periods of flooding.[6] Its stem is packed with airy tissue called aerenchyma to help the stems float and to aid in flood tolerability.[5]

Hymenachne flowers in the early fall and seeds in late fall.[7] The flower is a panicle[8] that can grow to half a meter.[5] Researchers at the University of Florida have seen multiple panicles per plant originating from branching at a single node.[9] Hymenachne can produce thousands of seeds with up to 98% germination right off the panicle.[16][10][18]

Habitat

Hymenachne prefers constantly inundated soil and is known to survive comfortably in about a meter of water for 20 years.[5][20] This species was shown to survive poorly in Australia where flooding exceeded 1.2 m.[11][12] In its native range in Venezuela, and in invaded areas of Florida, hymenachne was documented to survive in >1.2m of water for nearly a year.[13][14] Hymenachne has also been found in water greater than 4m deep persisting in floating mats, likely dislodged after a storm event. Conversely, hymenachne is not recorded to survive sites that entirely dessicate.[15]

Hymenachne is known to colonize and form dense monocultures in floodplains, roadside ditches, and lake margins in invaded and native areas.[11][16][17][4] It is often found colonizing areas with little shading and competition from other species.[5] Although limited information is available on soil preferences of hymenachne, it has been found in deep, poorly drained muck soils in Florida.[18] It is not found in waters with a significant salt concentration.[19][5]

Invasion

There have been three introductions of hymenachne into Australia, one in Florida, and one in Louisiana.[20][21][5] Australia now lists hymenachne as one of the top twenty worst weeds.[22] Hymenachne invasions have been shown to decrease species richness, increase invasive fish populations, and overall cause fundamental changes in floral and faunal composition in Australia.[23] Hymenachne was introduced in Australia as forage for cattle, and likely for the same reason in Florida.[5] The species was used in ponded pastures, or artificial ponds created to hold water for use in the dry season.[5] High reproducibility from stem fragments aids in the dispersal and invasion of this species.[24] The first herbarium record of hymenachne in Florida is from 1957.[21][25] The second specimen is not recorded until 1977.[25] The cause for this gap is unknown; however, today it is recorded in 28 counties across the state.[26][27]

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109219#D7FBFFBC-F4A2-48B5-A45C-D179FE72E374|title=Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne)|website=www.cabi.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-17}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ieqQs7hIREC&pg=PA1078&lpg=PA1078&dq=hymenachne+etymology&source=bl&ots=q299aJ18Kk&sig=ACfU3U2H66ySpIjgKU3xlQwFZuKyH9CAWQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL_ciKk7DhAhUEVK0KHWleDWgQ6AEwBnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hymenachne%20etymology&f=false|title=CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology - 3 Volume Set|last=Quattrocchi|first=Umberto|date=2006-04-26|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781420003222|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.indunesguide.com/asclepiasamplexicaulis|title=Indiana Dunes Plant Guide - Asclepias amplexicaulis|website=indianadunesguide|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 Csurhes, S.M., Mackay, A.P. and Fitzsimmons, L. (1999). Hymenachne (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) in Queensland (Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane, Australia).
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite journal|last=Wearne|first=Lynise J.|last2=Clarkson|first2=John|last3=Grice|first3=Anthony C.|last4=van Klinken|first4=Rieks D.|last5=Vitelli|first5=Joseph S.|date=2010|title=The Biology of Australian Weeds 56. 'Hymenachne amplexicaulis' (Rudge) Nees|url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=574082826079162;res=IELHSS|journal=Plant Protection Quarterly|language=EN|volume=25|issue=4|pages=146}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kibbler|first=H.|last2=Bahnisch|first2=L.M.|date=1999|title=Physiological adaptations of Hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/an/EA98127|journal=Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture|language=en|volume=39|issue=4|pages=429–435|doi=10.1071/ea98127|issn=1446-5574|via=}}
7. ^Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Cuda, J.P., Pratt, P.D. and Fox, A. (2009). Host specificity of Ishnodemus variegates, an herbivore of West Indian marsh grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis). BioControl 54, 307-21.
8. ^Campbell, S.D., Carter, E.A. and Setter, M.J. (2009). Germination of Hymenachne amplexicaulis and H. acutigluma under contrasting light, temperature and nitrate regimes. Plant Protection Quarterly 24, 10-14.
9. ^K. Quincy unpublished data
10. ^Tropical Weeds Research Centre. 2006. Hymenachne (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) control and management in Queensland. http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/ tropical_weeds/projects/hymenachnecontrol.html. Accessed February 17, 2019.
11. ^1 Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and Escobar, A. (1977). Flood adaptation and productivity of savanna grasses. Proceedings of Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.00(0) 0000 15 the 13th International Grassland Congress Sec. Pap. Sections 3-4-5, Leipzig.
12. ^1 Lyons, J. (1991). Developing ponded pastures at ‘Wambiana’. Ponded pastures in North Queensland, eds P. Anning and J. Kernot. North Queensland Beef Production Series. Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government.
13. ^Tejos, M.R. (1980). Production of water straw grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees) during a savanna period. Congreso Venezolano de Zootecnia, Guanare (Venezuela), p. 54.
14. ^Kalmbacher, R., Mullahey, J. and Hill, J. (1998). Limpgrass and hymenachne grown on flatwoods range pond margins. Journal of Range Management 51, 282-7.
15. ^Medina, E. and Motta, N. (1990). Metabolism and distribution of grasses in tropical flooded savannas in Venezuela. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, 77-89.
16. ^Costa, M. (2005). Estimate of net primary productivity of aquatic vegetation of the Amazon floodplain using Radarsat and JERS-1. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 4527-36.
17. ^Enriquez-Quiroz, J.F., Quero-Carrillo,A.R., Hernandez-Garay, A. and Garcia-Moya, E. (2006). Azuche, Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical Mexico. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53, 1405-12.
18. ^Hill, K.U. (1996). Hymenachne amplexicaulis:A review of the literature andsummary of the work in Florida. URL: http://www.naples.net/~kuh/hymen.htm (accessed 17 Feb 2019).
19. ^Meerman, J.C., Howe, A., Choco, S., Ack, A., Choc, E., Kok, S. and Muke, A. (2006). Rapid ecological assessment of aguacalient wildlife sanctuary. Aguacaliente REA. Data stored in BERDS: URL: http://www.biodiversity.bz (accessed 17 Feb 2019).
20. ^Urbatsch LE; Saichuk JK, 2014. Hymenachne amplexicaulis new for Louisiana. Phytoneuron, 50:1-4.
21. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://fnai.org/Invasives/Hymenachne%20amplexicaulis.pdf|title=Hymenachne Amplexicaulis|last=|first=|date=August 2018|website=Florida Natural Areas Inventory|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=17 Feb 2019}}
22. ^{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Jann A.|last2=West|first2=Carol J.|date=2000|title=Environmental weeds in Australia and New Zealand: issues and approaches to management|journal=Austral Ecology|language=en|volume=25|issue=5|pages=425–444|doi=10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01081.x|issn=1442-9993}}
23. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Duivenvoorden|first=Leo J.|last2=Houston|first2=Wayne A.|date=2002|title=Replacement of littoral native vegetation with the ponded pasture grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis: effects on plant, macroinvertebrate and fish biodiversity of backwaters in the Fitzroy River, Central Queensland, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/MF/MF01042|journal=Marine and Freshwater Research|language=en|volume=53|issue=8|pages=1235–1244|doi=10.1071/mf01042|issn=1448-6059}}
24. ^1 Sellers, B.A., Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Langeland, K.A. and Gray, C.J. (2008). Control of West Indian marsh grass with glyphosate and imazapyr. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 46, 189-92.
25. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/scripts/dbs/herbs_project/herbsproject/herbs_pub_proc.asp?accno=73289&famsys=A&output_style=Report_type&trys=2|title=University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS) Collection Catalog|website=www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu|access-date=2019-02-17}}
26. ^{{Cite book|title=Guide to the vascular plants of Florida|last=1939-|first=Wunderlin, Richard P.|date=2011|publisher=University Press of Florida|others=Hansen, Bruce F.|isbn=9780813035437|edition= 3rd|location=Gainesville, FL|oclc=700199921}}
27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.eddmaps.org/florida/distribution/viewmap.cfm?sub=5733|title=West Indian marsh grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) - EDDMapS State Distribution|website=EDDMapS.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-17}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10299053}}

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