| 词条 | Hōko (doll) |
| 释义 |
A {{nihongo|hōko|這子||lit. "crawling child"}} is a kind of soft-bodied doll given to young women of age and especially to pregnant women in Japan to protect both mother and unborn child.[1] Traditionally, hōko dolls were made of silk and human hair,[2] and stuffed with cotton.[3] The dolls could be made for both boys and girls. Boys' dolls would be given up and "consecrated" at a shrine when boys came of age at 15-years-old,[4] while girls would give up their dolls at marriage.[4] The dolls were given to children either at birth, or on special days shortly after birth.[4] Modern day hōko dolls have been created with technology to monitor babies.[5] HistoryHōko can be traced back to "talismanic figures" from early Japanese history,[1] and are likely related to the concept of using paper dolls (hina), as "stand-ins for people."[4] The use of katashiro (“substitutes”) in spiritual practice as stand-ins to take on the brunt of a person's sins or misfortune also played a role in the creation of hōko dolls[6] as well as for absentee family members (i.e. mother dolls for orphaned children). AmagatsuAmagatsu (天児; derivation unclear), are another type of doll similar in function to the hōko doll, documented back to at least the 11th century with a mention in The Tale of Genji.[7] These were originally made of wood or bamboo, with the body and arms traditionally in a "T" shape and with a round head attached on top. Sources mentioning the specific term hōko start appearing in the Heian period, but are more apparent in the Muromachi period of Japan's history.[7] In later years, the amagatsu and hōko dolls became essentially the same thing, with the dolls more commonly made out of cloth and other soft materials.[8]See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite book|title = Ningyo: The Art of the Japanese Doll|last = Pate|first = Alan S.|publisher = Tuttle Publishing|year = 2005|isbn = 9781462907205|location = Singapore|pages = |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzRAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT185&ots=t5_RuiO5-a&dq=h%C5%8Dko%20doll&pg=PT184#v=onepage&q=h%C5%8Dko%20doll&f=false}} 2. ^{{Cite book|title = Collecting Japanese Antiques|last = Seton|first = Alistair|publisher = Tuttle Publishing|year = 2012|isbn = 9781462905881|location = Singapore|pages = |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BzjRAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA476-IA3&ots=zwkvGbWyIE&dq=h%C5%8Dko%20doll&pg=PP10#v=onepage&q=h%C5%8Dko%20doll&f=false}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://netsukeonline.org/htm/glossary.html|title = Glossary|date = |accessdate = 2 December 2015|website = Netsuke and Japanese Art Online Research Center|publisher = |last = |first = }} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url = http://www.antiquejapanesedolls.com/pub_hina/hina.html|title = The Hina Matsuri - A Living Tradition|date = |accessdate = 2 December 2015|website = Antique Japanese Dolls|publisher = |last = Pate|first = Alan}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.hoko.ca/en#discover|title = Discover Hoko|date = |accessdate = 2 December 2015|website = Hoko|publisher = |last = |first = }} 6. ^{{Cite book|title = Images of Familial Intimacy in Eastern and Western Art|last = Momo|first = Miyazaki|publisher = Koninklijke Brill NV|year = 2014|isbn = 9789004261945|location = Leiden, The Netherlands|pages = 224–225|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SEkJAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA224&ots=61Vg_BPSVl&dq=h%C5%8Dko%20doll&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q=h%C5%8Dko%20doll&f=false}} 7. ^1 {{Cite book|title = Puppets of Nostalgia: The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Japanese "Awaji Ningy?" Tradition|last = Law|first = Jane Marie|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1997|isbn = 9780691604718|location = Princeton, New Jersey|pages = 35|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CLt9BgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA35&ots=fOmvuXju7t&dq=Hoko%20(doll)&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q=Hoko%20(doll)&f=false}} 8. ^1988, {{lang|ja|国語大辞典（新装版）}} (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan 11 : Dolls|Play (activity)|Traditional toys|Talismans|Amulets|Objects believed to protect from evil|Magic objects|Superstitions|Lucky symbols|Superstitions of Japan|Japanese culture |
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