“Ibanag language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is spoken by up to 500,000 speakers, most particularly by the Ibanag people, in the Philippines, in the northeastern provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao, Solana, Abulug, Cabagan, and Ilagan and with overseas immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, United Kingdom and the United States. Most of the speakers can also speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of northern Luzon island. The name Ibanag comes from the prefix "I" which means "people of", and "bannag", meaning river. It is closely related to Gaddang, Itawis, Agta, Atta, Yogad, Isneg, and Malaweg.

Use and current status

As of Oct. 2012, "revival of the Ibanag culture is part of the Mother-Tongue Based (MTB) program of the [Philippine] government which seeks to preserve indigenous cultures, including its languages, for generations to come. Ibanag is one of the MTB languages now taught in Philippine schools," and two current stage plays, “Zininaga Ta Bannag (Heritage of the River)” and “Why Women Wash the Dishes” are being performed in the Ibanag language.^[1]

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthongization of diphthongs is observable in Ibanag. For example, the words umay (to go), balay (house) or aggaw (day) are sometimes pronounced as ume, bale, and aggo respectively.

Consonants

Ibanag is also one of the Philippine languages which are included in the {{IPA|[ɾ]}}-{{IPA|[d]}} allophony.

The Ibanag language is distinct in that it features sounds that are not present in many related Philippine languages. Certain unique phonemes of Ibanag compared to its sister languages feature consonants specifically [f] as in innafi or rice, [v] as in bavi or pig, [z] as in kazzing or goat and [dʒ] as in madjan or maid.

In addition to this, Ibanag also features gemination. Therefore, making the language sound guttural such that:

Classification

Similar to more known languages in the Philippines such as Cebuano and Tagalog, Ibanag is a Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. On the other hand, it belongs to the Northern Philippine languages subgroup where related yet larger Ilokano and Pangasinan also fall under.

Dialects

Since Ibanag is spoken in various areas of Northeastern Region of the Philippines (namely within Isabela and Cagayan), there are also minor differences in the way that it is spoken in these areas. Ibanag spoken in Tuguegarao is known to be the standard dialect. And other native Ibanag speakers usually distinguish if the speaker is from Tuguegarao City with the variation of their pronunciation and accent. Most who have adapted the urban dialects of Ibanag tend to have a Hispanic accent.

In Tuguegarao, before the Spaniards came, the language was Irraya (a seemingly extinct Gaddang dialect). Spaniards introduced Ibanag to the city from Lal-lo (formerly the city of Nueva Segovia) and made the language as the lingua franca of the northeastern Philippines. But with the introduction of Ilocano settlers, Ilocano has become the new lingua franca since the late 20th Century.^[2]^[3]

Cauayan speakers and Ilagan speakers in Isabela have a hard accent as opposed to the Tuguegarao Ibanag that sounded Hispanic. But, native speakers of Northern Cagayan have a harder accent.

For example, Ibanags from towns in northern Cagayan, which includes Abulug, Aparri, Camalaniugan, Pamplona and Lallo, tend to replace their "p's" with more "f's"^[4]. Also, certain Ibanag words differ from these areas as opposed to the Tuguegarao and Isabela Ibanag.

Tuguegarao Ibanag may be considered as the standard, however, Northern Cagayan Ibanag may be the one closest to the ancient Pre-Hispanic Ibanag existent prior to the spread of the language throughout the province, as Northern Cagayan was the original Ibanag home territory. On the other hand, Tuguegarao Ibanag, besides having Spanish influences may have acquired elements from nearby Itawis. At the same time, Isabela Ibanag may have acquired elements from the original Gaddang language predominant in the province.

Archaic Ibanag

Some words used in the present such as innafi or rice, bavi or pig, afi or fire, are listed in Spanish texts as innafuy, bavuy, and afuy respectively. Also, the Ibanag term for the number one, tadday, was once used interchangeably with the word itte, which is no longer used apparently by modern speakers of the language.^[5]^[6]

Grammar

Orthography

There are two ways that Ibanag can be written. In older texts, the "Spanish style" is often used. This is where ⟨c⟩, and ⟨qu⟩ are used in representing /k/, and words that end with a glottal stop are added with "-c" after the word.^[7]

The other way of writing Ibanag is the new and simplified way that tends to be more phonetic. This modern spelling system is consistent with that of the Filipino language and other languages such as Bisaya and Ilokano. Moreover, silent letters are omitted. This orthography is the one being adopted for use in public schools for the purpose of the Department of Education's Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education policy in Ibanag-speaking areas and is prescribed by the Ibanag Heritage Foundation, Inc.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Nouns

Personal pronouns

Sakan/So'

Sikaw

Yayya

Sittam

Sikami

Sikamu

Ira

Possessive pronouns

"Kua" is the root word that identifies something as belonging to someone. Often "Ku" is added before "Kua" to emphasize this. Note that this is only possible with "Mine" and "Yours" but not with other possessive pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns

Locatives

Enclitic particles

Interrogative words

Verbs

Ibanag verbs are not conjugated in the same manner that most Indo-European languages are. They are conjugated based on the tense of the word.

As with many other Malayo-Polynesian languages, there is no verb for "to be". However this is sometimes compensated by using the verb for "to have".

Infinitive and present tense

Past tense

Future tense

Sangaw and Sangawe

Structure

Syntax and word order

Ibanag sentence structure often follows the " Verb + Subject + Object " pattern.

Markers

"Y" and "nga" are the two most commonly used markers in Ibanag. They either link adjectives to nouns, or indicate the subject of the sentence.

"Tu" is another marker that is used, but is not very simple to explain. Often it is seen in conjunction with the word "Awan" meaning "nothing or none".

"Tu" and "Ta" in the Isabela Dialect

Consonant mutation

Ibanag verbs that end in "n" lose the last consonant, which is replaced by the first consonant of the succeeding word. However, when the succeeding word starts with a vowel or another "n", the last "n" is not affected.

The marker "ta" and the preposition "na" (not the pronoun) sometimes, depending also on the dialect, acquires the first consonant of the succeeding word.

Samples

Proverbs

This is an example of an Ibanag proverb, that is also known throughout the archipelago.

Translated to: He who does not look back into his past, cannot reach his destination.

Translated to: Never call an egg a chick, so that it will not become rotten.

Cagayan provincial anthem

The direct translation done in here is different from the English Version of the Cagayan Provincial Anthem.

Vocabulary

Loan words

Simple greetings

Numbers

Sentences

References

1. ^{{Cite news| last = Benji De Yro| title = DepEd indigenous culture revival in upswing| work = Philippine Information Agency| accessdate = 2012-10-20| date = 2012-10-16| url = http://www.pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=2181350359825}}
2. ^Keesing, Felix Maxwell. (1962). The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon. Stanford University Press.
3. ^Salgado, Pedro V. (2002). Cagayan valley and eastern Cordillera, 1581-1898, Volume 1. Quezon City: Rex Commercial.
4. ^Da Ayong Anni Dagga. https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_ibg_vertxt-1/rosettaproject_ibg_vertxt-1_djvu.txt
5. ^Bugarin, Jose (1854). Diccionario ybanag-español. los Amigos del Pais
6. ^Fernández, Miguel (1867). Diccionario españól-ibanág : ó sea, Tesauro hispánocagayán. Manila, Imp. de Ramirez y Giraudier
7. ^Nolasco De Medio, Pedro, O.P. (1892) Agguiguiammuan tac Cagui Gasila = Grammatica Ibanag-Castellana. Manila : Estab. tipog. del Colegio de Santo Tomas
8. ^Dita, S. N. (2013). The Orthography of Ibanag. Manila: Ibanag Heritage Foundation, Inc.
9. ^Cabalza, Chester (2013). Ibanag Language and Culture. http://cbclawmatters.blogspot.com/2013/07/ibanag-language-anc-culture.html
10. ^Ibanag to be a medium of instruction in DepEd's multi-lingual education program - VP Binay.https://www.philstar.com/headlines/duterte-100-days/2012/05/10/805202/ibanag-be-medium-instruction-depeds-multi-lingual-education-program-vp-binay
11. ^ayya itta