“Ibrahim ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ibrahim ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi ({{Lang-ar|إبراهيم بن هشام بن إسماعيل المخزومي}}) was an eighth century official for the Umayyad Caliphate, serving as the governor of Medina, Mecca and al-Ta'if during the caliphate of Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik. He and his brother Muhammad were later tortured to death in 743 in the period leading up to the Third Islamic Civil War.

Career

The sons of Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi, Ibrahim and Muhammad were maternal uncles of the caliph Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743), who relied on them to act as his governors of the Hijaz for the majority of his reign.^[1] Although the sources frequently confuse the two brothers,^[2] Ibrahim appears to have been appointed as governor of Medina, Mecca and al-Ta'if in 724 and to have been dismissed in 732,^[3] and was also the caliph's choice to lead the pilgrimages of 724, 726–731 and possibly 732.^[4] During his governorship his appointees to lead the Medinese judiciary were Muhammad ibn Safwan al-Jumahi and al-Salt ibn Zubayd al-Kindi.^[5]

In the last years of Hisham's reign Ibrahim and Muhammad were supporters of the caliph's unsuccessful plan to replace the heir-apparent al-Walid ibn Yazid with his own son Maslamah, but with the death of Hisham in 743 their political influence came to an end. Upon his accession to the caliphate al-Walid handed over the two brothers to his new governor of Medina, Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, who paraded them in front of the city inhabitants and had them flogged; shortly afterwards al-Walid ordered Yusuf to transfer Ibrahim and Muhammad to Yusuf ibn 'Umar al-Thaqafi in Iraq, where together with Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri they were tortured to death.^[6] The brutal treatment of Ibrahim and Muhammad exacerbated hostility against al-Walid, playing a role in the caliph's own downfall and death and the outbreak of civil war in the following year.{{sfn|McMillan|2011|p=148}}

Notes

1. ^{{harvnb|Hinds|1991|p=139}}; {{harvnb|McMillan|2011|pp=140–41}}.
2. ^{{harvnb|Khalifah ibn Khayyat|1985|p=357}} states that Muhammad ibn Hisham was the governor of Mecca, Medina and al-Ta'if from 724 to 732 instead of Ibrahim, while {{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 26: p. 8}} and {{harvnb|Al-Ya'qubi|1883|p=397}} claim that Ibrahim was governor in 739 and 743 respectively instead of Muhammad.
3. ^{{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 25: pp. 8, 23, 28, 32, 44, 63, 68, 94, 96, 97-98}}; {{harvnb|Khalifah ibn Khayyat|1985|p=361}}; {{harvnb|McMillan|2011|p=139}}. According to al-Tabari, op. cit., p. 29, Ibrahim also went campaigning on the Byzantine frontier in 726.
4. ^{{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 25: pp. 3-4, 28, 32, 44, 63, 68, 94, 96}}; {{harvnb|Al-Ya'qubi|1883|p=394}}; {{harvnb|Khalifah ibn Khayyat|1985|pp=337–41, 343, 360}}; {{harvnb|Al-Mas'udi|1877|p=61}}; {{harvnb|McMillan|2011|p=139}}.
5. ^{{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 26: p. 9}}; {{harvnb|Khalifah ibn Khayyat|1985|p=361}}; {{harvnb|Waki'|n.d.|pp=168–69}}; {{harvnb|Judd|2014|p=156}}.
6. ^{{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 26: pp. 89, 119, 177}}; {{harvnb|Al-Yaq'ubi|1883|pp=397, 400}}; {{harvnb|Khalifah ibn Khayyat|1985|p=362}}; {{harvnb|Hinds|1991|p=139}}; {{harvnb|McMillan|2011|pp=147–48}}.

References

{{EI2 | volume = 6 | title = Makhzum | first = M. | last = Hinds | authorlink = Martin Hinds | pages = 137–140 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4829 }}

{{cite book | last = Judd | first = Steven C. | authorlink = | title = Religious Scholars and the Umayyads: Piety-minded supporters of the Marwanid caliphate | publisher = Routledge | location = Oxford and New York | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-415-84497-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WfMhAQAAQBAJ | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | last = Khalifah ibn Khayyat | authorlink = Khalifa ibn Khayyat | title = Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 3rd ed | publisher = Dar Taybah | language = Arabic | year = 1985 | location = Al-Riyadh | editor-last = al-'Umari | editor-first = Akram Diya' | ref=harv }}

{{cite book | title=Les Prairies D'Or, Tome Neuvième | others=Ed. and Trans. Charles Barbier de Meynard and Abel Pavet de Courteille | last=Al-Mas'udi| first=Ali ibn al-Husain | authorlink=Al-Masudi | language = French | year=1877 | publisher=Imprimerie Nationale | location=Paris |isbn= | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CzhbAAAAQAAJ | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | last = McMillan | first = M.E. | authorlink = | title = The Meaning of Mecca: The Politics of Pilgrimage in Early Islam | publisher = Saqi | location = London | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-86356-437-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AjYhBQAAQBAJ | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | last = Waki' | first = Muhammad ibn Khalaf ibn Hayyan | authorlink = | title = Akhbar al-Qudat | publisher = 'Alam al-Kutub | language = Arabic | date = n.d. | location = Beirut | editor-last = | editor-first = | ref=harv | oclc = 957287781 }}

{{cite book | title=Historiae, Vol. 2 | editor-first=M. Th. | editor-last=Houtsma | last=Al-Ya'qubi | first=Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub | authorlink=Al-Ya'qubi | language=Arabic | year=1883 | publisher=E. J. Brill | location=Leiden |isbn= | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wD0yAQAAMAAJ | ref=harv}}