“Industrial stormwater”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Industrial stormwater is runoff from precipitation (rain or snow) that lands on industrial sites (e.g. manufacturing facilities, mines, airports). This runoff is often polluted by materials that are handled or stored on the sites, and the facilities are subject to regulations to control the discharges.

Regulation in the United States

In the United States, facilities that discharge industrial stormwater to surface waters must obtain a permit under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), pursuant to the Clean Water Act.^[1] Stormwater permit regulations issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) govern the permit process.^[2] EPA published its "Phase I" stormwater rule, which covers industrial dischargers, in 1990.^[3]

Most stormwater permits in the U.S. are issued by the agencies in 47 states that have been given authority by EPA. EPA regional offices issue the stormwater permits in the remaining parts of the country.^[4]

Multi-sector general permit

EPA published its Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP) initially in 1995 to govern how industrial stormwater should be managed, and periodically it has updated and reissued the permit. The 2015 MSGP covers 29 industrial and commercial sectors:^[5]

The permit is applicable to facilities in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Idaho, the District of Columbia and federal insular areas (territories). The other states have developed their own state-specific industrial stormwater permits (e.g. California's Industrial General Permit).^[6] Idaho will take over stormwater permit authority from EPA in 2021.^[7]

Construction site stormwater

Under EPA regulations, stormwater runoff from construction sites is also classified as industrial stormwater, however these discharges are covered by a separate set of permits. EPA periodically publishes its Construction General Permit and the approved state agencies publish similar permits, to regulate discharges from construction sites of 1 acre (4,000 m²) or more.^[8] In addition to implementing the NPDES requirements, many states and local governments have enacted their own stormwater management laws and ordinances, and some have published stormwater treatment design manuals.^[9]^[10] Some of these state and local requirements have expanded coverage beyond the federal requirements. For example, the State of Maryland requires erosion and sediment controls on construction sites of 5,000 sq ft (460 m²) or more.^[11]

See also

References

1. ^United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972. Pub.L. 92-500, October 18, 1972; as amended by the Water Quality Act of 1987, Pub.L. 100-4, February 4, 1987. Section 402(p), {{USC|33|1342(p)}}.
2. ^United States Environmental Protection Sgency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Storm water discharges." EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Code of Federal Regulations, {{USCFR|40|122.26}}.
3. ^EPA (1990-11-16). "National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Application Regulations for Storm Water Discharges". Federal Register, 44 FR 47990.
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-state-program-information |title=NPDES State Program Information |author= |date=2018-08-20 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System |publisher=EPA}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater-discharges-industrial-activities#overview |title=Stormwater Discharges from Industrial Activities |author= |date=2016-02-18 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System |publisher=EPA}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/stormwater/industrial.shtml |title=Industrial Storm Water Program |author= |date=2016-03-22 |website=State Water Resources Control Board |publisher=California Environmental Protection Agency}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-state-program-information |title=NPDES State Program Information |author= |date=2018-08-20 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System |publisher=EPA}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater-discharges-construction-activities#overview |title=Stormwater Discharges from Construction Activities |author= |date=2016-03-11 |website=NPDES |publisher=EPA}}
9. ^Washington State Department of Ecology (August 2012). Olympia, WA. [https://ecology.wa.gov/Regulations-Permits/Guidance-technical-assistance/Stormwater-permittee-guidance-resources/Stormwater-manuals "Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington."] Publication No. 12-10-030.
10. ^{{cite report |date=2009 |title=Maryland Stormwater Design Manual |url=https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Water/StormwaterManagementProgram/Pages/stormwater_design.aspx |publisher=Maryland Department of the Environment |location=Baltimore, MD}}
11. ^State of Maryland. Code of Maryland Regulations (COMAR). Activities for Which Approved Erosion and Sediment Control Plans are Required. Sec. 26.17.01.05.