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词条 Intersex rights in China
释义

  1. History

  2. Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

  3. Protection from discrimination

  4. Reparations

  5. Identification documents

  6. Rights advocacy

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. Bibliography

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}{{Infobox intersex rights
| location_header = China
| image = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| caption = Location of the People's Republic of China
| prohibit_harmful = No
| reparations = No
| discrimination_protections = No
| access_identification =
| equality_men_women =
| mf_identification =
| third_identification =
| marriage =
}}{{Intersex sidebar}}Intersex rights in China including the People's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Taiwan, are protections and rights afforded to intersex people through legislation and regulation. Obligations also arise in United Nations member states that sign international human rights treaties, such as the People's Republic of China. Intersex people in China suffer discrimination. Issues include both lack of access to health care and coercive genital surgeries.[1]

History

In February 2018, Asian intersex activists published the Statement of Intersex Asia and the Asian Intersex Forum, setting out local demands.[1]

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

{{further|Intersex human rights|Intersex medical interventions}}

Small Luk (Hong Kong) describes traditional Chinese society as patriarchal, promoting the sex assignment of intersex children as boys wherever possible.[1] She states that the "one child policy" in mainland China led to the abandonment, neglect and deaths of many intersex infants.

Both Luk[2] and Taiwan activist Hiker Chiu[3] have disclosed personal histories involving unwanted medical interventions. Chiu says that surgical "normalisation" practices began in Taiwan in 1953. Intersex medical interventions are encouraged as early as possible in both Hong Kong and the People's Republic. A 2014 clinical review of 22 infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Hong Kong, for example, shows that all infants in the study received clitorectomies. It also showed a preference for early surgeries when infants are aged 1-2 years, and an assessment of surgical success focusing on genital appearance and necessity for further cosmetic surgeries.[4]

The cost of medical interventions in the People's Republic of China makes medical treatment inaccessible, resulting in fewer coercive interventions but exacerbating health issues for some individuals,[7] and issues of abandonment and violence.[1]

In a submission to the United Nations Committee Against Torture in 2015, Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex raised concerns about lack of self-determination in Hong Kong and China, forced medical interventions in Hong Kong, lack of government assistance and marriage rights, and problems with violence and discrimination.[5] In a response to submissions for Hong Kong, the United Nations Committee published recommendations calling for the postponement of "non-urgent, irreversible medical interventions" until children are old enough to provide full, free and informed consent.[6] The committee called for an investigation into forced, involuntary and coercive practices in the People's Republic, along with measures to protect the autonomy and "physical and personal integrity of LGBTI persons".[7]

Protection from discrimination

{{main|Discrimination against intersex people}}

Press reports in 2015 and 2016 have provided examples of abandonment, neglect and even attempted murder. The South China Morning Post reported the abandonment of an intersex baby in a part in Shandong province in mid-2015,[8] followed by allegations of attempts to murder an intersex infant as a "monster", in Henan province, in mid-2016.[9]

In 2017, the Hong Kong Equal Opportunities Commission together with the Gender Research Centre of the Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong asked the Hong Kong government to introduce legislation offering protection against discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and intersex status.[10]

Reparations

The United Nations Committee Against Torture has called for reparations for involuntary and coercive interventions in both the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong.[7][6]

Identification documents

{{main|Legal recognition of intersex people}}Small Luk has campaigned for self-determination of gender identity,[5] and also for third gender recognition in Hong Kong.[11]

Rights advocacy

The first people to publicly disclose being intersex were Hiker Chiu of Oii-Chinese, based in Taiwan and founded in 2008,[12] and Small Luk of Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex, Hong Kong, founded in 2011.[13]

Chiu started a "free hugs with intersex" campaign at Taipei's LGBT Pride Parade in 2010. Oii-Chinese also gives lectures and lobbies government.[12][14] The aims of Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex are to raise public awareness about intersex people and promote the rights of intersex people, including ending forced genital normalising surgery and conversion therapies. Luk urges the Hong Kong government to educate the public about intersex conditions, extend anti-discrimination laws to cover intersex people and stop foisting surgery on intersex children without consulting them.[15]

See also

  • Oii-Chinese
  • Intersex human rights
  • LGBT rights in China
  • Transgender in China
  • Xie Jianshun

References

1. ^{{Cite news| last = Intersex Asia| title = Statement of Intersex Asia and Asian intersex forum | accessdate = 2018-09-05| date = February 2018| url = https://www.astraeafoundation.org/stories/first-asian-intersex-forum/}}
2. ^{{Cite web| last = Yau| first = Elaine| title = No child should endure my ordeal, says sex-disorder Hongkonger forced to be a boy| work = South China Morning Post| accessdate = 2017-03-25| date = January 28, 2016| url = http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/1905393/no-child-should-endure-my-ordeal-says-sex-disorder-hongkonger-forced-be| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075205/http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/1905393/no-child-should-endure-my-ordeal-says-sex-disorder-hongkonger-forced-be| archivedate = 5 April 2017| df = dmy-all}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://next.liberation.fr/sexe/2015/07/01/sans-contrefacon-je-suis-fille-et-garcon_1341211 |title=Sans contrefaçon, je suis fille et garçon |last1=Allain |first1=Pierre-Henri |last2= |first2= |date=July 1, 2015 |work=Libération |access-date=2015-07-02 |quote= |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703145734/http://next.liberation.fr/sexe/2015/07/01/sans-contrefacon-je-suis-fille-et-garcon_1341211 |archivedate=3 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.12809/hkmj144227| issn = 10242708| volume = 20| issue = 6| pages = 481–485| last1 = Houben| first1 = Ch| last2 = Tsui| first2 = Sy| last3 = Mou| first3 = Jw| last4 = Chan| first4 = Kw| last5 = Tam| first5 = Yh| last6 = Lee| first6 = Kh| title = Reconstructive surgery for females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: a review from the Prince of Wales Hospital| journal = Hong Kong Medical Journal| date = December 2014| url = http://www.hkmj.org/earlyrelease/hkmj144227.htm}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web| last = Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex| title = Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment| date = October 2015| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCAT%2fCSS%2fHKG%2f22156&Lang=en| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052617/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCAT%2FCSS%2FHKG%2F22156&Lang=en| archivedate = 26 March 2017| df = dmy-all}}
6. ^1 {{Cite web| publisher = United Nations| last1 = United Nations| last2 = Committee against Torture| title = Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China with respect to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region| location = Geneva| date = 2015| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2fC%2fCHN-HKG%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051947/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FCHN-HKG%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en| archivedate = 26 March 2017| df = dmy-all}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web| publisher = United Nations| last1 = United Nations| last2 = Committee against Torture| title = Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China| location = Geneva| date = 2015| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2fC%2fCHN%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052456/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FCHN%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en| archivedate = 26 March 2017| df = dmy-all}}
8. ^{{Cite web| last = Lau| first = Mimi| title = Baby born with male and female genitals found abandoned in Chinese park| work = South China Morning Post| accessdate = 2017-03-25| date = August 24, 2015| url = http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/1851891/baby-born-male-and-female-genitals-found-abandoned-chinese-park| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112142436/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/1851891/baby-born-male-and-female-genitals-found-abandoned-chinese-park| archivedate = 12 November 2016| df = dmy-all}}
9. ^{{Cite news| last = Morgan| first = Joe| title = Father tries to kill intersex baby three times for being a 'monster'| work = Gay Star News| accessdate = 2017-03-25| date = June 22, 2016| url = http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/father-tries-kill-intersex-baby-three-times-monster/| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051531/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/father-tries-kill-intersex-baby-three-times-monster/| archivedate = 26 March 2017| df = dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/graphicsfolder/ShowContent.aspx?ItemID=14332 | title = EOC & GRC of CUHK Issue Statement Calling for the Introduction of Legislation against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status | date = March 9, 2017 | last = Equal Opportunities Commission | author-link = Equal Opportunities Commission (Hong Kong) | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230621/http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/graphicsfolder/ShowContent.aspx?ItemID=14332 | archivedate = 26 March 2017 | df = dmy-all }}
11. ^{{Cite web| last = Lam| first = Jeffie| title = Intersex Hongkonger wages one-person campaign for third gender recognition| work = South China Morning Post| accessdate = 2017-03-25| date = December 3, 2016 | url = http://m.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2051492/intersex-hongkonger-wages-one-person-campaign}}
12. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2013/11/27/2003577754/ | title = Neither here, nor there | work = Taipei Times | date = November 27, 2013 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150704041817/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2013/11/27/2003577754/ | archivedate = 4 July 2015 | df = dmy-all }}
13. ^1 {{Cite| publisher = Intersex Day| last = Luk| first = Small| title = Beyond boundaries: intersex in Hong Kong and China| work = Intersex Day| date = October 20, 2015| url = http://intersexday.org/en/beyond-boundaries-intersex-hk-china/| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405140909/http://intersexday.org/en/beyond-boundaries-intersex-hk-china/| archivedate = 5 April 2016| df = dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-136232 | title = 擁抱陰陽人 系列2：停止矯正手術 陰陽兒不是異形 | work = Lihpao Daily | date = 23 December 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703234800/http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-136232 | archivedate = 3 July 2015 | df = dmy-all }}
15. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.passiontimes.hk/article/11-24-2015/27065 | title = 雙性人細細老師：強迫小童做性器官修訂手術等同酷刑 | date = 24 November 2015 | publisher = Passion Times | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404073242/http://www.passiontimes.hk/article/11-24-2015/27065 | archivedate = 4 April 2016 | df = dmy-all }}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite web| last = Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex| title = Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment| date = October 2015| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCAT%2fCSS%2fHKG%2f22156&Lang=en}}
  • {{Cite web| last1 = United Nations| last2 = Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights| title = Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex| date = 2015| url = https://unfe.org/system/unfe-70-Intersex_Factsheet_Chinese.pdf | language = zh}}
  • {{Cite web| publisher = United Nations| last1 = United Nations| last2 = Committee against Torture| title = Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China| location = Geneva| date = 2015| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2fC%2fCHN%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en}}
  • {{Cite web| publisher = United Nations| last1 = United Nations| last2 = Committee against Torture| title = Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China with respect to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region| location = Geneva| date = 2015| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2fC%2fCHN-HKG%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en}}
{{Intersex}}{{Asia topic|Intersex rights in}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Intersex rights in China}}

4 : LGBT rights in China|Intersex rights in China|Human rights in Asia|Intersex rights in Asia
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