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词条 Invertebrate mitochondrial code
释义

  1. The code

  2. Differences from the standard code

     Alternative initiation codons 

  3. Systematic range

  4. Other variations

  5. See also

  6. References

{{Short description|An alternative genetic code found in the mitochondrial genome of some invertebrates}}

The invertebrate mitochondrial code (translation table 5) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of invertebrates.

The code

   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG

Starts = ---M----------------------------MMMM---------------M------------

 Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

 Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG

 Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).

Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V).

Differences from the standard code

DNA codons RNA codons This code (5) Standard code (1)
AGA AGA Ser (S)Arg (R)
AGG AGG Ser (S)Arg (R)
ATA AUA Met (M)Ile (I)
TGA UGA Trp (W)STOP = Ter (*)

Note: The codon AGG is absent in Drosophila.[1]

Alternative initiation codons

  • AUA, AUU
  • AUC: Apis [2]
  • GUG: Polyplacophora[3]
  • UUG: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis.

Systematic range

  • Nematoda: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis ;
  • Mollusca: Bivalvia);[4] Polyplacophora;[3]
  • Arthropoda/Crustacea: Artemia;[5]
  • Arthropoda/Insecta: Drosophila [Locusta migratoria (migratory locust), Apis mellifera (honeybee)].

Other variations

  • Several arthropods translate the codon AGG as lysine instead of serine (as in the Pterobranchia Mitochondrial Code) or arginine (as in the standard genetic code).[6]
  • GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila.[7][8] AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus[4]
  • "An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiation of translation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA in both D. melanogaster[9] and D. yakuba,[10] since its only plausible initiation codon, AUA, is out of frame with the rest of the gene. Initiation appears to require the "reading" of an AUAA quadruplet, which would be equivalent to initiation at AUA followed immediately by a specific ribosomal frameshift. Another possible mechanism ... is that the mRNA is "edited" to bring the AUA initiation into frame." [11]

See also

  • List of genetic codes

References

{{NLM content}}[12]
1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sengupta S, Yang X, Higgs PG | title = The mechanisms of codon reassignments in mitochondrial genetic codes | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 64 | issue = 6 | pages = 662–88 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17541678 | pmc = 1894752 | doi = 10.1007/s00239-006-0284-7 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Crozier RH, Crozier YC | title = The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: complete sequence and genome organization | journal = Genetics | volume = 133 | issue = 1 | pages = 97–117 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 8417993 | pmc = 1205303 }}
3. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Boore JL, Brown WM | title = Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the black chiton, Katharina tunicata | journal = Genetics | volume = 138 | issue = 2 | pages = 423–43 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7828825 | pmc = 1206160 | doi = | url =http://www.genetics.org/content/138/2/423.long }}
4. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffmann RJ, Boore JL, Brown WM | title = A novel mitochondrial genome organization for the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis | journal = Genetics | volume = 131 | issue = 2 | pages = 397–412 | date = June 1992 | pmid = 1386586 | pmc = 1205014 | doi = | url = }}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Batuecas B, Garesse R, Calleja M, Valverde JR, Marco R | title = Genome organization of Artemia mitochondrial DNA | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 16 | issue = 14A | pages = 6515–29 | date = July 1988 | pmid = 3135541 | pmc = 338311 | doi = 10.1093/nar/16.14.6515| url = }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Abascal F, Posada D, Knight RD, Zardoya R | title = Parallel evolution of the genetic code in arthropod mitochondrial genomes | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = e127 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16620150 | pmc = 1440934 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040127 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Clary DO, Wolstenholme DR | title = The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba: nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 252–71 | date = 1985 | pmid = 3001325 | doi = 10.1007/BF02099755| url = }}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gadaleta G, Pepe G, De Candia G, Quagliariello C, Sbisà E, Saccone C | title = Nucleotide sequence of rat mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1. GTG, a new initiator codon in vertebrate mitochondrial genome | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 16 | issue = 13 | pages = 6233 | date = July 1988 | pmid = 3399396 | pmc = 336868 | doi = 10.1093/nar/16.13.6233| url = }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = de Bruijn MH | title = Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA, a novel organization and genetic code | journal = Nature | volume = 304 | issue = 5923 | pages = 234–41 | date = 1983 | pmid = 6408489 | doi = 10.1038/304234a0| url = }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Clary DO, Wolstenholme DR | title = Nucleotide sequence of a segment of Drosophila mitochondrial DNA that contains the genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunits II and III and ATPase subunit 6 | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | pages = 4211–27 | date = June 1983 | pmid = 6306579 | pmc = 326036 | doi = 10.1093/nar/11.12.4211| url = }}
11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox TD | title = Natural variation in the genetic code | journal = Annual Review of Genetics | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 67–91 | date = 1987 | pmid = 3327473 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ge.21.120187.000435 }}
12. ^{{cite web | first1 = Andrzej | last1 = Elzanowski | first2 = Jim | last2 = Ostell | first3 = Detlef | last3 = Leipe | first4 = Vladimir | last4 = Soussov | name-list-format = vanc |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#thetop |title= The Genetic Codes|access-date=26 August 2015 | work = Taxonomy browser | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine }}
{{Use DMY dates|date=August 2015}}{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}{{Microbiology-stub}}

3 : Molecular genetics|Gene expression|Protein biosynthesis
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