| 释义 |
- Description Biochemistry
- Taxonomy Evolution and phylogeny
- Distribution and habitat Range Habitat
- Conservation
- Cultivation Propagation Hybrids and cultivars
- Toxicity
- References
- Sources
- External links
{{taxobox
|name = Iris barnumiae
|image =
|regnum = Plantae
|unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
|unranked_classis = Monocots
|ordo = Asparagales
|familia = Iridaceae
|subfamilia = Iridoideae
|tribus = Irideae
|genus = Iris
|subgenus = Iris
|species = Iris barnumiae
|binomial = Iris barnumiae
|binomial_authority = Foster & Baker
|synonyms = {{Species list
|Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae [1]}}
}}Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has in mid to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference, but is still named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to described the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to it needing very dry and warm summer conditions. DescriptionIt has slender rhizomes,[2][3][4] which are up to 1 cm in diameter.[5] They do not have stolons,[5] and new growths of rhizomes, are on the sides of the old rhizomes.[2] They form tufts,[5] and spreading plants.[3][6] It has pale glaucous green,[2][7] narrow leaves,[8]{{rp|190}} that can grow up to between {{convert|15|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,[2][4] and between 0.5 and 0.7 cm wide.[4][9] The leaves all die in the summer after the flowers have bloomed, then re-appear next season.[4][19] The foliage is very similar to Iris iberica (another Oncocyclus section iris),[3][4] but it is less falcate,[3][5] (or sickle-shaped).[10] It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between {{convert|10|-|40|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall.[2][26][11] that are fragranced. It also has falls that are much smaller than the standards and have an orange beard but no signal patch (on the falls), the standards are 2in high and nearly 1.5in in diameter.[2] Sometimes the beard is thought to be more straggly than I. barnumiae.[3] The pollen of the flowers are 92 microns wide (between 80–103).[17] It is often misnamed as 'Iris urmiensis'.[[37] Some authors consider it a separate species.[13]] I. barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo was published and described in 'Flora Iranica' Vol.112 on page 34 in 1975, as I. polakii f. protonyma.[38] I. polakii f. protonyma was later classed as a synonym of I. barnumiae f. protonyma.[39]It has brownish-purple flowers with short, glaucous green leaves.[7] Distribution and habitatIt is native to temperate Asia.[23][24] RangeIt (and the various forms) are found between Armenia,[23][40][41] Azerbaijan,[42][13][43] Iran,[28][145] [44] Iraq,[9][24][145] and Turkey.[17][19][45] Within Iran, it and other geophytes, (such as Allium capitellatum, Gagea alexeenokoana and Gagea glacialis) make up 6% of the alpine flora.[27] HabitatIt grows on the dry and stony hills,[7][10] or sub-alpine slopes,[28] or steppes.[13] They can be found at an altitude of up to {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.[7] ConservationDue to the attractive flowers, they are vulnerable from picking by locals and walkers.[4] The iris is listed as 'rare' in Iraq,[46] within the Zagros mountain range, along with another endemic species Tragopogon rechingeri.[47] CultivationIt is hardy to European H4,[9] (meaning that it is hardy to −5 to −10°C (or 23 to 14°F).[48] |Although, it needs habitats that have dry summers,[4][10] it is considered one of the least demanding of the Oncocyclus section.[6] For the UK, the iris is better grown within an alpine house,[7] within a raised bed,[49] in a sunny position. It should be filled with 1/3 old mortar rubble,[50] and loam,[7] to provide a well drained, and fertile soil,[7][ that allows the roots to not sit in water, that would rot them.[4]] It is suggested that the best time to be planted is in October.[22] The iris is commercial available in specialist seed exchanges or a few iris nurseries.[10] PropagationIrises can generally be propagated by division,[51] or by seed growing.[49] Every three years, the clumps of irises are normally divided, as the plants are highly likely to get bacterial rot if they suffer any moisture or humidity. They are best re-planted in late September when temperatures are low and humidity is also low. This is also when the plants generate root and shoot growth.[49] Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[52] Hybrids and cultivarsKnown I. barnumae cultivars include 'Barnumae Mariae', 'Demavendica', 'Jewel At Midnight', 'Polakii', 'Protonyma', 'Urmiensis' and 'Zenobiae'.[3] ToxicityLike many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[53] References1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321600 |publisher=theplantlist.org (The Plant List) |accessdate=8 June 2016}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Richard Lynch {{Google books|grvYTul5CSUC|The Book of the Iris (1904)|page=105-106}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 {{cite web |first=John |last=Black |title=(SPEC) Iris barnumae Fos. & Bak |date=20 January 2016 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecBarnumae |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=18 May 2016}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |title=Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-i-partie-5-les-oncocyclus-ii-124148159.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |language=French |accessdate=8 June 2016}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 British Iris Society (1997){{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=66}}
6. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=69 |isbn=978-0715305393 }}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web |title=Iris barnumae barnumae |url=http://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris-barnumae-barnumae/ |publisher=rareplants.co.uk |accessdate=18 May 2016}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0881927306 }}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) |page=259}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |first=Cindy |last=Rivera |title=Iris barnumae |date=22 April 2006 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-barnumae |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=18 May 2016}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.| last2=Linnegar | first2=Sidney | date=1987 |edition=Revised |pages=127–128 | title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-0-88192-089-5}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 30cm[{{rp|190}}25 cm][ -->The stem has spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are {{convert|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and are green but flushed with purple at the ends. They stay green after the flower has faded.][The stems hold terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming mid to late spring,][{{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae |url=https://www.kevockgarden.co.uk/plantlist/b1605_iris_barnumiae_barnumiae.htm |publisher=kevockgarden.co.uk |accessdate=8 June 2016}}]
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner {{Google books|08KbBQAAQBAJ|Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide|page=109}}
14. ^The fragrant flowers,[ (similar to Lily of the Valley scent,][) are {{convert|7|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.][ They are smaller than Iris iberica,][ and come in shades of purple,][ from red-purple,][ mulberry,][{{cite book | first1=Molly | last1=Price | title=The Iris Book | page=79 | year=1973 | publisher=Dover Publications. | isbn=}}]
15. ^{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}
16. ^1 {{cite web| first=William | last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Dykes on Iris | url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) | accessdate=21 November 2014}}
17. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Donmez |first=Emel Oybak |last2=Islk |first2=Serap |date=2008 |title=Pollen morphology of Turkish Amaryllidaceae, Ixioliriaceae and Iridaceae |journal=Grana |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=15–38 |doi=10.1080/00173130701860104 }}
18. ^{{cite journal |last=Almaarri |first=Khalil |last2=Zedan |first2=Th. Abou |last3=Albatal |first3=N. |date=January 2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Essential Oils of Some Syrian Wild Iris Species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269644239 |journal= American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=3 |issue= |pages=38–49 |doi= 10.3923/ajbmb.2013.38.49 |accessdate=31 May 2016}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last=Avishai |first=Michael |last2=Zohary |first2=Daniel |date=1977 |title=Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises |jstor=2473887|journal=Botanical Gazette (Bot. Gaz) |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages= 502–511 |doi= 10.1086/336956}}
20. ^David Gledhill {{Google books|NJ6PyhVuecwC|The Names of Plants|page=66}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=Snow, Lydia Vose Buck (1820–1887). Collection of family papers, 1851-1890s |url=http://www.congregationallibrary.org/finding-aids/SnowLydia2407 |publisher=congregationallibrary.org |accessdate=1 June 2016}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}
23. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438390-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=8 June 2016}}
24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{GRIN | accessdate=9 June 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=The Gardeners Chronicle : a Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects, Vol. 5, 1889 |date=1889 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-90100/the-gardeners-chronicle-a-weekly-illustrated-journal-of-horticulture-allied?itemId=145783133 |accessdate=15 June 2016}}
26. ^{{cite web |title=CHAPTER IX. Orthography and gender of names, SECTION 1. Orthography, Article 60 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art60 |publisher=iapt-taxon.org |accessdate=9 June 2016}}
27. ^1 Rina Kamenetsky and Hiroshi Okubo (editors) {{Google books|5B-ucdbgA3wC|Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production (2013)|page=62}}
28. ^1 2 Carsten Hobohm (Editor){{Google books|bRR_AAAAQBAJ|Endemism in Vascular Plants (2014)|page=259}}
29. ^{{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae |url=http://eol.org/pages/5866427/overview |publisher=eol.org |accessdate=18 May 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae (accepted name) |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/80e5c13301b89227cf5ac376103c455d |publisher=catalogueoflife.org |accessdate=11 June 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Iris barnumae subsp. barnumae f. urmiensis |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/85615/Iris-barnumae-subsp-barnumae-f-urmiensis/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=18 May 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web |title=Iris barnumae f. protonyma |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/281361/i-Iris-barnumae-i-f-i-protonyma-i/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=9 June 2016}}
33. ^{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris urmiensis Hoog |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439221-1 |publisher=ipni.org |accessdate=20 June 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321603 |publisher=theplantlist.org (The Plant List) |accessdate=20 June 2016}}
35. ^{{Cite journal |title=Filed as Iris urmiensis Hoog [family IRIDACEAE] |date=23 May 1966 |url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.e00333135 |publisher=plants.jstor.org |accessdate=11 June 2016|doi=10.5555/al.ap.specimen.e00333135 |doi-broken-date=2019-03-09 }}
36. ^{{cite web |first=John |last=Black |title=(SPEC) Iris demavendica Bornm |date=30 January 2016 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecDemavendica |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=7 June 2016}}
37. ^{{cite journal |first=Bobby J. |last=Ward |title=Plants Without Borders: Modern-Day Plant Hunters |date=January 2005 |url=http://www.bobbyjward.com/articles/plants_borders.htm |journal=The Rock Garden |volume= |issue=114 |pages= |doi= |accessdate=11 June 2016}}
38. ^{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=883541-1 |publisher=ipni.org |accessdate=21 June 2016}}
39. ^{{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo is an accepted name |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321602 |publisher=theplantlist.org |accessdate=21 June 2016}}
40. ^{{cite journal |last=Aşur |first=F. |last2=Alp |first2=S. |date=2011 |title=Determination of Possible Areas of Usage of Irises With Rhizome in Van And Its Environs in Plantation Works of Landscape Architecture |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=886_42 |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=886 |issue= 886|pages= 299–305|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.886.42 |accessdate=18 May 2016}}
41. ^{{cite web |title=Wild flowers of Lake Van |url=http://www.petentour.com/pdfs/wild-flowers-of-lake-van.pdf |publisher=petentour.com |accessdate=9 June 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}
43. ^Patricia L. Baker, Hilary Smith, Maria Oleynik {{Google books|RT0bAgAAQBAJ|Iran (4th Edition, 2014)|page=5}}
44. ^{{cite journal |last=Ekrami |first=Alireza |date=2013 |title=Plant species diversity in Gonabad |url=http://ijabbr.com/article_7956_6d0d4baa196922b9cae10abdc1a893e7.pdf |journal=International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=12 |pages=1590–1600 |doi= |accessdate=22 June 2016}}
45. ^1 2 {{cite web |first=Jana |last=Klečková |title=Irises important garden IV. – Aril irises hybrids and hřebínkaté |language=Czech |date=17 January 2012 |url=http://zahradaweb.cz/kosatce-vyznamne-pro-zahrady-iv-aril-hybridy-a-hrebinkate-kosatce/ |publisher=zahradawb.cz |accessdate=13 June 2016}}
46. ^{{cite web |title=Key Biodiversity Survey of Iraq |year=2010 |url=https://archive.org/stream/KeyBiodiversitySurveyOfIraq/Key%20Biodiversity%20Survey%20of%20Iraq_djvu.txt |publisher=NATURE IRAQ & IRAQ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT |accessdate=22 June 2016}}
47. ^{{cite web |title=Haji Omran Mountain (IQ018)|url=http://www.natureiraq.org/uploads/9/2/7/0/9270858/haji_omran-iq018-sep-25-final.pdf |publisher=natrueiraq.org |accessdate=22 June 2016}}
48. ^{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness |url=http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html |publisher=theseedsite.co |accessdate=3 August 2015}}
49. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Growing Aril Irises |url=http://www.edgewoodgardens.net/articles/SRGC_aril_irises.html |publisher=edgewoodgardens.com |accessdate=26 April 2016}}
50. ^{{cite book | first= John Philip | last=Balimgardt | title=Bulbs for Summer Bloom | page=79 | year=1970 | publisher= | isbn=}}
51. ^{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |accessdate=12 October 2015}}
52. ^{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Waters |title=Growing Irises from Seed |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.telp.com/irises/seed.htm |publisher=telp.com |accessdate=28 April 2016}}
53. ^David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske{{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}}
Sources- Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965–1988 (F Turk)
- Huxley, A., ed. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 1992 (Dict Gard)
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium Hortus third. 1976 (Hortus 3)
- Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 45–46.
- Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963– (F Iran)
- Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest Flora of Iraq. 1966– (F Iraq)
External links- {{Wikispecies-inline|Iris barnumiae}}
- Illustration of the iris from Curtis Botanical Magazine 1889
- barnumae ssp. barnumae/zoom/cm3w/image1ezf Has an image of the iris from Turkey
{{Commons category-inline|Iris barnumiae}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q12217279}} 10 : Iris (plant)|Flora of Central Asia|Flora of Armenia|Flora of Azerbaijan|Flora of Iraq|Flora of Iran|Flora of Turkey|Plants described in 1888|Poisonous plants|Garden plants of Asia |