| 词条 | Iris bismarckiana |
| 释义 |
|image = Iris bismarckiana (7071447621).jpg |status = EN |status_system = iucn3.1 |status_ref=[1] |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Monocots |ordo = Asparagales |familia = Iridaceae |subfamilia = Iridoideae |tribus = Irideae |genus = Iris |subgenus = Iris |species = Iris bismarckiana |binomial = Iris bismarckiana |binomial_authority = Damm. & Spreng. ex Regell |synonyms = {{Species list |Iris nazerena |(Foster) Dinsm. |Iris sari var. nazerena |Foster |Iris sari-nazarens |Foster [2] }} }} Iris bismarckiana (Nazareth Iris) is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem (taller than the leaves) and 1 flower in Spring (between March and April). The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions (i.e. Europe or America), as it needs very dry conditions during the summer. DescriptionIris bismarkiana is similar in growth to Iris susiana and Iris lortetii, (both also Oncocyclus Irises), they only differ in the colour of the flowers.[3]It is a geophyte,[4][5][6] It has short,[7] stoloniferous rhizomes,[8][9] which are narrow, around 1.5 cm in diameter.[10] It forms long thin stolons, that can reach up to a few meters,[5] into the ground, seeking minerals. The rhizomes and stolons are very prone to viral diseases.[10] The creeping,[11][12] habit forms small clumps of plants.[10] It has 6–8 leaves,[9] which are ensiform (sword-shaped),[7][10] glaucous,[11] and bright green.[5] They can grow up to between {{convert|30|-|50|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,[9] and between 2–2.5 cm wide.[8][11] They form erect fans of leaves,[5][9] which are similar in form to I. susiana leaves.[11] It has a long, slender stem,[6] or peduncle, that can grow up to between {{convert|30|-|50|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall.[9][13][14] Although, some stems can reach {{convert|80|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall.[15] The stem is usually taller than the leaves.[5] The stem has a green, lanceolate, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which is {{convert|7.6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.[7] The stems holds 1 terminal (top of stem) flower,[7] blooming in spring,[8] between March and April.[5][16][17] In the UK, it flowered in May.[3] The flowers are {{convert|10|-|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,[8][9][15] and they have a pale yellow,[9][11] yellow-green,[18] cream,[8] creamy-white,[11][12] or white ground.[13][54] Which is covered with reddish-brown,[15] maroon brown,[9][12][14] purple-brown,[5][7][10] purple,[7][19] blue-purple,[13][14] light violet,[6] lilac,[18] or blue veins or spots.[3][7][8] Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[20] It has ovate shaped falls,[7][9][10] which are {{convert|6|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 4 cm wide.[7][9] They are densely spotted or veined and have a purple-brown,[7] or dark purple signal patch.[5][8][9] The signal is at the entrance to the perianth.[5] It is similar coloured to the spotting or veining.[7] In the middle of the falls, a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is dark purple,[8][9][10] or blackish.[5][11] The standards are much paler (in colour) than the falls, and are orbicular (circular),[9] which are {{convert|7|-|9|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.[9] They have paler veining or spotting as well,[11] in blue purple,[13] purple or blue.[8][9] The flowers are very similar in form to I. susiana.[10] It has oblong shaped stigmas, which are a similar colour to the petals,[7] and are also densely veined.[10] It relies on a small number of pollinator species whose pollinators are specialists.[21] After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that opens up into three sections, to hold multiple seeds.[6][16] GenomeAs most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[20] It was counted by Marc Simonet in 1934.[7] It has twenty chromosomes (2n=20).[10][13][14] TaxonomyIt is commonly known as Nazareth Iris,[5][6][16] due to being found on the mountains near Nazareth in Israel.[17] It is known in Arabic as 'Saoosan' (A-Natsir),[5] or سوسنة الناصره .[6] while in Hebrew, it is written as אִירוּס נָצְרָתִי .[4][6] It is occasionally misspelt as Iris bismarkiana.[9][22] The Latin specific epithet bismarckiana refers to Prince Otto von Bismark (1815-1898, 1st Chancellor of the German Empire).[23] In 1888, rhizomes of the plant were sent from Lebanon to Germany, by Messrs. Dammann & Co., of Naples.[5][10][22] It was then described by E. Dammann and Carl Sprenger in Wiener Illustr. Gartzeitung (Wien. Gartenz.) Vol.352. fig. 72 in 1890 (with an illustration).[7][22][24] It was then widely published by Regel in Vol.17 of Wiener Illustr. Gartzeitung on page 855 in 1892.[25][26] In 1893, Foster described a new iris species, Iris sari var. nazarensis from the Nazareth area in Israel,[24] (in Gardener's Chronicle Vol. 33,[22]) but then in 1904, (in Botanical Magazine Vol.7986,[8]) Sprenger thought the two plants were the same. In 1934, John Edward Dinsmore published two species called Iris nazarena (from Nazareth) and Iris hermona (from the Golan Heights). Later, in 1970, Mouterde decided all the species were one type 'I. bismarckiana'. 'I. sari var. nazarensis' and 'I. nazarena' became synonyms of 'I. bismarckiana'. In 1972, Avishai disagreed, and thought that Iris hermona was a separate species, especially due to the rhizome differences (stoloniferous in 'I. bismarckiana' and compact in 'I. hermona'). Feinbrun-Dothan in 1986 agreed.[24] It is listed as 'I. bismarckiana' Damm. & Spreng ex Regel.[14] It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 10 March 1997, and then last changed on 1 December 2004.[25] It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[27] and in the Catalogue of Life.[28] It is an accepted name by the RHS.[29] Distribution and habitatIt is native to south Lebanon and northern Israel.[30] RangeIt is found in Israel,[11][12][18] (including in the provinces of Upper and Lower Galilee,[4][5] on Mount Hermon,[6][13][14] on Mt. Yona,[5][6][10] and on Mount Tabor,[9]) Lebanon,[16][25][31] (on Mount Lebanon,[11] and in Wadi Rajib, near Adjloon,[7][1]) Syria,[8][9][26] and Jordan,[10][1] (on the Gilead Mountains).[4][24] HabitatIt grows on the rocky and stony mountain-sides,[6][9][1] at the edges of woodlands,[5][6] or in scrub land.[9] It can be found on heavy, limestone clays,[12] basalt (rocks), or terra rossa and soft chalky rocks.[5][9][1] They can be found at an altitude of up to {{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.[9] ConservationIt is a very rare iris,[4] and was under risk of extinction,[32] from threats of urbanization, animal grazing and forestry (creating plantations) with in Israel.[5][19] In Lebanon, it was threatened by housing and road construction on its habitats.[31] It was listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as Endangered when last assessed on 2 May 2016.[1] Within Israel, the species is protected by law,[5][16] and it is grown in several nature reserves, including the Giv'at Ha-More Nature Reserve and in some of the smaller Reserves on Naphtali hill.[6] Although, it is still declining in populations in the reserves.[33] In Upper Nazareth, Israel, a residential neighbourhood was planned, but it clashed with hundreds of irises. So a section of land was turned into a nature reserve to protect them.[34] It is further threatened with the reserves, by an invasive weed, Sarcopoterium spinosum (or Prickly burnet), a common dwarf shrub which competes with the iris for space.[19][1][33] Although, it was found if the weed was burned in patches the iris grew stronger.[19][21] It is also threatened by caterpillars (who feed on the iris flower-buds).[33] CultivationIt is hardy to European Zone H4,[8] meaning hardy to −5 to −10 °C (or 23 to 14 °F).[35] It was cultivated in Naples, in 1888, but soon its growth suffered, due to the environmental conditions.[10] It is considered rather difficult to cultivate,[12] due to it needing high temperatures and dryness.[10] It is thought to be best planted in October, by William Rickatson Dykes.[3] PropagationIrises can generally be propagated by division,[36] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[37] Hybrids and cultivarsKnown I. bismarkiana cultivars include 'Benjaminii', 'Nazarena' and 'Nazarena Thompsoni'.[7] ToxicityLike many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[38] UsesIt is normally used as a garden ornamental plant, but they have also been planted in cemeteries,[5] including in Rajib.[1] The iris rhizome has been used in a perfume called 'Iris Nazarena', by Aedes de Venustas,[39][40] a New York-based fragrance boutique.[41] CultureOne source states that the iris was chosen, as the logo of The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel,[17] but it is in fact Iris haynei (the Gilboa Iris).[34][42][43] The 'Nazareth Iris' is known as the symbol of the city of Upper Nazareth.[32][34] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |first=M. |last=Semaan |last2=Sapir |first2=Y. |title=Iris bismarckiana |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13161523/0 |publisher=iucnredlist.org (IUCN) |accessdate=1 September 2016}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Iris bismarckiana Damman & Sprenger is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321627 |publisher=theplantlist.org (The Plant List) |accessdate=25 July 2016}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |first=Prof. Avinoam |last=Danin |title=Iris bismarckiana Regel |url=http://flora.org.il/en/plants/iribis/ |publisher=flora.org.il (Flora of Israel Online) |accessdate=21 July 2016}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 {{cite web |title=Iris bismarckiana Regel (1892) |url=http://redlist.parks.org.il/taxa/Iris_bismarckiana/ |language=Hebrew |publisher=redlist.parks.org (Based on the "Red Book – Endangered Plants of Israel" by Prof. Avi information, Dr. Gadi Pollack and Dr. Ori Fragman-Sapir) |accessdate=21 July 2016}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web |title=Iris bismarckiana |url=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Irisbismarckiana_page.htm |publisher=flowersinisrael.com |accessdate=13 July 2016}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite web |first=Bob |last=Pries |title=(SPEC) Iris bismarckiana Damm. & Spreng. |date=15 July 2016 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecBismarckiana |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=13 July 2016}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) |page=248}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 British Iris Society (1997){{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=73}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite web |title=Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-i-partie-5-les-oncocyclus-ii-124148159.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |language=French |accessdate=25 July 2016}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |first=John |last=Weathers |title=The Bulb Book; or Bulbous and tuberous plants for the open air, stove, and greenhouse, containing particulars as to descriptions, culture, propagation etc., of plants from all parts of the world having bulbs, corms, tubers, or rhizomes (orchids excluded) |year=1911 |pages=297 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulbbookorbulbou00weatiala/bulbbookorbulbou00weatiala_djvu.txt |publisher=archive.org |accessdate=29 June 2016}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |title=Oncocyclus, Regelia and Reglio-cyclus Irises, The Plantsmen, Buckshaw Gardens, Holwell, Sherborne, Dorset |url=http://files.srgc.net/archibald/Plantsmen/Oncocyclus_Regelia_Regelio-Cyclus_Irises.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=srgc.net (Scottish Rock Garden Club) |accessdate=3 March 2016}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |first=M. |last=Sadder |title=Iris bismarckiana |date=14 April 2004 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-bismarckiana |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=13 July 2016}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |url= |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=69 |isbn=0715305395 }} 16. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=WILD IRIS – IRIS NAZARETH |date=26 March 2016 |url=http://pazzapazza2.blogspot.co.uk/2016/03/wild-iris-iris-nazareth.html |publisher=pazzapazza2.blogspot.co.uk |accessdate=20 July 2016}} 17. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Iris Nazareth – A Famous Israeli Flower |url=http://www.israelinsideout.com/In-Israel-Blog/iris-nazareth-a-famous-israeli-flower.html |publisher=israelinsideout.com |accessdate=20 July 2016}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.| last2=Linnegar | first2=Sidney | date=1987 |page=128 |edition=Revised | title=Growing Irises |location=Bromley | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=0-88192-089-4}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |first=Judy |last=Siegel-Itzkovich |date=20 December 2006 |title=Technion: Save iris by killing weeds |url=http://www.jpost.com/Health-and-Sci-Tech/Health/Technion-Save-iris-by-killing-weeds |publisher=jpost.com |accessdate=26 July 2016}} 20. ^1 {{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0881927309 }} 21. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Segal |first=Bosmat |last2=Sapir |first2=Yuval |last3=Carmel |first3=Yohay |date=January 2006 |title=Fragmentation and Pollination Crisis in the Self-Incompatible Iris Bismarckiana (Iridaceae), with Implications for Conservation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238091586_Fragmentation_and_Pollination_Crisis_in_the_Self-Incompatible_Iris_Bismarckiana_IRIDACEAE_with_Implications_for_Conservation |format= |journal=Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution |publisher=Tel Aviv University |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages= 111–122 |doi=10.1560/IJEE_52_2_111 |accessdate=13 July 2016}} 22. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=O. |last2=Avisham |first2=M. |date=2000 |title=The Irises still exist: The Conservation status of species Iris Section Oncocyclus in Israel, a century after their description |url=http://www.ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/ |format= |journal=Annali di Botanica |publisher= |volume=58 |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=29 April 2016}} 23. ^{{cite book |last=Stearn |first=William |year=1973 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 |title=A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names |url= |location=London |publisher=Cassell |page=60 |isbn=0304937215 }} 24. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Sapir |first=Yuval |last2=Shmida |first2=Avi |last3=Comes |first3=H. Peter |date=2001 |title=Iris bismarckiana in Israel and Jordan—New findings and taxonomic remarks |url=http://bio.huji.ac.il/upload/E116-C%20%20Iris%20bismarckiana%20in%20Israel%20and%20Jordan.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Israel Journal of Plant Sciences |publisher= |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=229–236 |doi=10.1560/FD4U-YWEK-XECA-N6GH |accessdate=13 July 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052651/http://www.bio.huji.ac.il/upload/E116-C%20%20Iris%20bismarckiana%20in%20Israel%20and%20Jordan.pdf |archivedate= 4 March 2016 |df= }} 25. ^1 2 3 {{GRIN | accessdate=21 July 2016}} 26. ^1 {{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris bismarckiana Regel |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438414-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=25 July 2016}} 27. ^{{cite web |title=Iris bismarckiana |url=http://eol.org/pages/5866451/overview |publisher=eol.org |accessdate=13 July 2016}} 28. ^{{cite web |title=Iris bismarckiana |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2012/details/species/id/9769691/ |publisher=catalogueoflife.org |accessdate=26 July 2016}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Iris bismarckiana |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/151857/i-Iris-bismarckiana-i |publisher=rhs.org.uk |accessdate=13 July 2016 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 30. ^{{cite web |title=Iris bismarckiana|work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=321627 |accessdate=2018-01-12}} 31. ^1 {{cite web |title=The natural site of El-Dichar |url=http://www.ehmej.org/en/english-the-natural-site-of-el-dichar/ |publisher=ehmej.org |accessdate=25 March 2016}} 32. ^1 {{cite web |first=Zafrir |last=Rinat |date=9 July 2006 |title=Will Nazareth Protect the Nazareth Iris? |url=http://www.haaretz.com/will-nazareth-protect-the-nazareth-iris-1.192562 |publisher=haaretz.com |accessdate=25 July 2016}} 33. ^1 2 {{cite web |first=Bosmat |last=Segal |first2=Yohay |last2=Carmel |first3=Didi |last3=Kaplan |first4=Moti |last4=Dolev |title=Nature Reserve Management for Conservation of the Endangered Species Iris bismarckiana |url=https://ecologylab.net.technion.ac.il/research-3/previous-research/reserve-management-for-protecting-iris-bismarckiana/ |publisher=ecologylab.net.technion.ac.il |accessdate=25 July 2016}} 34. ^1 2 {{cite web |first=Zafrir |last=Rinat |date=11 September 2006 |title=Caution, Iris Ahead! |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/caution-iris-ahead-1.197005 |publisher=haaretz.com |accessdate=25 July 2016}} 35. ^{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness |url=http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html |publisher=theseedsite.co |accessdate=3 August 2015}} 36. ^{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |accessdate=12 October 2015}} 37. ^{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Waters |title=Growing Irises from Seed |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.telp.com/irises/seed.htm |publisher=telp.com |accessdate=28 April 2016}} 38. ^David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske{{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}} 39. ^{{cite web |first=Lucia |last=van der Post |title=Scents of the divine |url=http://howtospendit.ft.com/health-grooming/41983-scents-of-the-divine |publisher=howtospendit.ft.com |accessdate=26 July 2016}} 40. ^{{cite web |title=Iris Nazarena Aedes de Venustas for women and men |url=http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Aedes-de-Venustas/Iris-Nazarena-18451.html |publisher=franganitca.com |accessdate=28 July 2016}} 41. ^{{cite web |author=Andy |date=31 July 2013 |title=Aedes de Venustas Iris Nazarena : Perfume Review |url=http://boisdejasmin.com/2013/07/aedes-de-venustas-iris-nazarena-perfume-review.html |publisher=boisdejasmin.com |accessdate=28 July 2016}} 42. ^Alon Tal{{Google books|LRT7AAAAQBAJ|All the Trees of the Forest: Israel's Woodlands from the Bible to the Present|page=260}} 43. ^{{cite web |title=Israel Environment Bulletin Autumn 1992–5753, Vol. 15, No. 4 |date=21 December 1998 |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/1998/Pages/SOCIETY%20FOR%20THE%20PROTECTION%20OF%20NATURE%20IN%20ISRAEL%20-SP.aspx |publisher=mfa.gov.il |accessdate=25 July 2016}} Sources
External links
6 : Iris (plant)|Plants described in 1890|Poisonous plants|Garden plants|Flora of Lebanon|Flora of Israel |
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