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词条 Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
释义

  1. History and objectives

  2. Members

     Prospective additional members 

  3. Commanders-in-Chief

  4. Reactions

  5. Criticism

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox organization
| image = IMCTC logo 2017.png
| alt =
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| formation = {{Start date and age|2015|12|15}}
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| status = Active
| purpose = Anti-terrorism
| headquarters = Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| coords =
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| language = English, Arabic, French
| leader_title = Commander-in-Chief
| leader_name = Raheel Sharif (Pakistan)
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| name = Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
التحالف الإسلامي العسكري لمحاربة الإرهاب
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| location = Africa
Middle East
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| region = Muslim world
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|{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{flag|Bahrain}}
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|{{flag|Niger}}
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|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{flag|Palestine}}
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
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}}

The Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC) {{nowrap|({{lang-ar|التحالف الإسلامي العسكري لمحاربة الإرهاب}})}}, is an intergovernmental counter-terrorist alliance of countries in the Muslim world, united around military intervention against ISIL and other counter-terrorist activities.[1][2] Its creation was first announced by Saudi Arabian defence minister Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, on 15 December 2015.[3][4] The alliance was to have a joint operations center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[5]

When the coalition was announced there were 34 members. Additional countries joined and the number of members reached 41 when Oman joined in December 2016.[6] On 6 January 2017, the Pakistani former chief of Army Staff, General (retd.) Raheel Sharif was named the IMCTC's first commander-in-chief.[5][6] Most of its participants are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

History and objectives

IMCTC has stated that its primary objective is to protect Muslim countries from all terrorist groups and terrorist organizations irrespective of their sect and name.[7][8][9] The IMCTC affirmed that it would operate in line with the United Nations and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) provisions on terrorism.[10]

At the press conference to launch the IMCTC, Mohammad bin Salman said it would "coordinate" efforts to fight terrorism in Iraq, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Afghanistan. He said, "There will be international coordination with major powers and international organisations ... in terms of operations in Syria and Iraq."[13]

To date, all members are countries with Sunni-dominated governments. The alliance does not include any countries with Shia-dominated governments, such as Iran, Iraq and Syria.[14] According to a Euronews report, some analysts see formation of the alliance as part of Saudi Arabian efforts to take the leading role in the Middle East and the Muslim world, in rivalry with Iran.[15]

In March 2016 it was reported that Saudi Arabia had asked General Raheel Sharif, Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, to become commander-in-chief of the Islamic Military Alliance once he had retired from the Pakistan Army at the end of 2016.[11]

Members

Saudi Arabia's original announcement of the alliance on 15 December 2015 listed 34 countries as participants,[1] each also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and forming about 60% of all OIC member states. As of November, 2017, there are 41 member countries.[12]

Country Membership announcement Alpha|α Supporter References
Afghanistan}} 18 October 2016 {{yes}} {{yes}} [13]
Bahrain}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [14]
Bangladesh}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [15][16][17]
Benin}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Brunei}}
Burkina Faso}}
Chad}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Comoros}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Cote d'Ivoire}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Djibouti}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Egypt}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [15]
Gabon}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Gambia}}
Guinea}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Guinea-Bissau}}
Jordan}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [15]
Kuwait}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Lebanon}} Original {{N/A}} {{yes}}
Libya}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [18]
Malaysia}} Original {{Yes}} {{yes}} [19]
Maldives}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Mali}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Mauritania}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Morocco}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Niger}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Nigeria}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [18]
Oman}} 28 December 2016 {{yes}} {{yes}} [20][21]
Pakistan}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [22][23][24][25]
Palestine}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Qatar}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Saudi Arabia}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [26][27][28]
Senegal}} Original {{yes}} {{N/A}}
Sierra Leone}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Somalia}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Sudan}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Togo}} Original {{N/A}} {{N/A}}
Tunisia}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}
Turkey}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} [18]
Uganda}}
United Arab Emirates}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}} date=January 2016}}
Yemen}} Original {{yes}} {{yes}}

{{note|Alpha|α}} These countries have offered to provide military assistance if needed.

Prospective additional members

At the time of the original announcement, more than ten other Islamic countries, including Indonesia (the world's largest Muslim nation), had expressed their support for the alliance,[1] and Azerbaijan was discussing joining the alliance.[29][30][31] By January 2017, Azerbaijan said that joining was "not on the agenda".[32] Tajikistan's ambassador to Saudi Arabia confirmed that Tajikistan was seriously studying the possibility of joining.[33][34]

Commanders-in-Chief

Force commander Nationality Start of tenure End of tenure
Shareef, Raheel|General Raheel Shareef}}Pakistan}}2017-01-06|6 January 2017}} Incumbent

Raheel Sharif as Commander-in-Chief is appointed to head a Saudi-led alliance of Muslim countries.[35][36]

Reactions

State
  • {{flag|Bangladesh}}: Bangladesh was one of the early members to join the alliance doing so on 15 December 2015. The country confirmed its membership in a joint statement by the founder nations that stated "a duty to protect the Islamic nation from the evils of all terrorist groups and organizations whatever their sect and name which wreak death and corruption on earth and aim to terrorize the innocent."[37][38][39] However Bangladesh ruled out any military support.[40]
  • {{flag|China}}: China has expressed its willingness to cooperate with the alliance to fighting terrorism and appreciated Saudi efforts to create alliance.[41]
  • {{flag|Egypt}}: Egypt's Al-Azhar University called the alliance's formation "historic."[42]
  • {{flag|Germany}}: Germany's defense minister Ursula von der Leyen welcomed the alliance against terrorism but also stressed that it should be a part of the Vienna process involving all countries fighting against IS like the U.S., Europe, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, but also including Iran and China.[43]
  • {{flag|Malaysia}}: Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein expressed support for the alliance, but ruled out any military support from Malaysia.[19]
  • {{flag|Pakistan}}: After initial ambiguity Pakistan welcomed the initiative; its government confirmed its participation and stated that the country is waiting for further details in order to decide the extent of its participation in the different activities of the alliance. Although the Commander in Chief of the IMCTC, Gen Raheel Sharif only agreed to command upon the condition that Iran must be the part of this Alliance.[24]
  • {{flag|Turkey}}: Turkey's Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu called it the "best response to those who are trying to associate terror and Islam".
  • {{flag|United States}}: The new alliance has been welcomed by the United States, with then U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter saying, "We look forward to learning more about what Saudi Arabia has in mind in terms of this coalition. But in general it appears it is very much in line with something we've been urging for quite some time, which is greater involvement in the campaign to combat ISIL by Sunni Arab countries.[4][28]
Other
  • {{flagdeco|Ba'athist Iraq}} Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order: Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri the leader of the Naqshbandi Army released a statement in 2016 praising the alliance and calling on what he called Mujahideen to fight Shia militias in Iraq backed by Iran, while also saying "We consider everything that is happening in Iraq from Iran, its agents, militias, and its security apparatus, is the responsibility of the United States". He added: "If it [U.S.] did not move to save Iraq and its people from Iran's hegemony, control and occupation, and to stop bloodshed, destruction, burning and the changing demographic, then Iraqi people should resist [the occupation]."[44]

Criticism

Due to the dominance of the alliance by states having majority Sunni Muslim populations, it has been called "a sectarian coalition" by Hakeem Azameli, a member of the Security and Defense Commission in the Iraqi parliament.[18][45][46]

However, Oman, an Ibadi-dominant country and friend of Iran has joined the alliance. Lebanon has also supported the alliance. Other countries who are part of the alliance or support it that have cordial or friendly relations with Iran include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Libya, Pakistan and Indonesia. More likely, the absence of Iran and Iraq from the alliance is due to the political tension between Saudi Arabia and Iran.[47]

References

1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|title = Joint statement on formation of Islamic military alliance to fight terrorism|publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url = http://embassies.mofa.gov.sa/sites/usa/EN/PublicAffairs/Statements/Pages/Joint-Statement-on-the-Formation-of-the-Islamic-Military-Alliance.aspx |date=15 December 2015 |accessdate = 11 March 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Islamic military coalition holds first meeting in Riyadh |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/islamic-military-coalition-holds-first-meeting-in-riyadh-1.1698994 |website=Gulf News|accessdate=11 April 2016}}
3. ^{{Cite web |title = Saudi Arabia Unveils 34-Country 'Islamic Military Alliance'|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/saudi-arabia-unveils-islamic-military-alliance-against-terrorism-n480016|website = NBC News|accessdate = 2015-12-15}}
4. ^1 {{Cite news|title = Saudi Arabia launches 'Islamic military alliance' to combat terrorism |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/saudi-arabia-launches-islamic-military-alliance-to-combat-terrorism/2015/12/15/ad568a1c-a361-11e5-9c4e-be37f66848bb_story.html|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = 2015-12-15|access-date = 2015-12-16|issn = 0190-8286|first = Karen|last = DeYoung}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/126414-defence-minister-Asif-confirms-Raheel-Sharifs-appointment-to-Islamic-military-alliance-saudi-arabia-led|title=Defence minister confirms Raheel Sharif's appointment to Islamic military alliance |publisher=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://khaleejtimes.com/international/pakistan/paks-raheel-sharif-appointed-chief-of-saudi-led-military-coalition|title=Pak's Raheel Sharif appointed chief of Saudi-led military coalition|first=|last=PTI|date=|website=khaleejtimes.com|accessdate=14 April 2018}}
7. ^{{Cite web|title = UAE joins Muslim military alliance to fight terrorism|url = http://7days.ae/uae-joins-muslim-military-alliance-fight-terrorism/77577|archive-url = https://archive.today/20151222010203/http://7days.ae/uae-joins-muslim-military-alliance-fight-terrorism/77577|dead-url = yes|archive-date = 2015-12-22|website = 7DAYS UAE|accessdate = 2015-12-20}}
8. ^{{Cite web|title=Turkey joins Saudi-led Islamic military alliance against terrorism |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_turkey-joins-saudi-led-islamic-military-alliance-against-terrorism_407008.html |website=TodaysZaman |accessdate=2015-12-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219094948/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_turkey-joins-saudi-led-islamic-military-alliance-against-terrorism_407008.html |archivedate=2015-12-19 |df= }}
9. ^{{Cite web|title = UAE joins 34-nation anti-terrorist military coalition {{!}} The National|url = http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/uae-joins-34-nation-anti-terrorist-military-coalition|website = www.thenational.ae|accessdate = 2015-12-20}}
10. ^{{Cite web|title = Islamic military alliance|url = http://aaj.tv/2015/12/islamic-military-alliance/ |website = Aaj News|accessdate = 2015-12-22}}
11. ^{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia 'wants' Gen Raheel Sharif to command 34-nation Saudi alliance |first=Ali |last=Zain |url= https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/is-gen-raheel-sharif-going-to-command-saudi-arabia-led-34-country-anti-terrorism-alliance/ |newspaper=Daily Pakistan |date=10 March 2016 |accessdate=12 March 2017}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://imctc.org/English|title=Home|website=imctc.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-21}}
13. ^{{cite news |title= Afghanistan joins Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorism coalition |url= http://1tvnews.af/en/news/afghanistan/25518-afghanistan-joins-saudi-arabias-anti-terrorism-coalition |date= 18 October 2016 |work= 1TV Afghanistan |accessdate= 11 March 2017}}
14. ^{{cite news|author1 = Habib Toumi|title = Bahrain hails new Islamic military alliance|url = http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-hails-new-islamic-military-alliance-1.1638337|accessdate = 29 December 2015|work = Gulf News|date = 16 December 2015}}
15. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|author1 = Oliver Miles|title = Is Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorist alliance real?|url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/15/saudi-arabia-anti-terrorist-alliance-terrorism-muslim|accessdate = 17 December 2015|work = The Guardian|date = 16 December 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Bangladesh in 34-state Islamic military alliance|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/bangladesh-%E2%80%98joins%E2%80%99-riyadh-based-anti-terrorism-coalition-187609|website=thedailystar.net|publisher=Reuters Dubai|accessdate=23 December 2015}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Saudi-based 'Islamic military alliance' formed to fight terror |url=https://nypost.com/2015/12/15/saudi-based-islamic-military-alliance-formed-to-fight-terror/ |website=New York Post|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=23 December 2015}}
18. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|author1 = Kayode Sesan|title = Turkey Confirms Membership of Sunni 'Islamic Military Alliance', Nigeria, Libya Also Members|url = http://www.signalng.com/turkey-confirms-membership-of-sunni-islamic-military-alliance-nigeria-libya-also-members/|accessdate = 17 December 2015|work = SIGNAL|date = 16 December 2015}}
19. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://intpolicydigest.org/2017/03/13/malaysia-s-future-role-in-saudi-arabia-s-islamic-military-alliance|title=Malaysia's Role in Saudi Arabia's Islamic Military Alliance|date=2017-03-13|accessdate=2017-04-09}}
20. ^1 {{cite news |title=Why did Oman join Saudi Arabia's anti-terrorism alliance? |first=Giorgio |last=Cafiero |url= http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/01/oman-join-saudi-arabia-anti-terror-alliance.html |newspaper=Al Monitor |date=5 January 2017 |accessdate=11 March 2017}}
21. ^{{cite news |title=Oman joins Saudi-led Islamic alliance: Gulf sources |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-oman-coalition-idUSKBN14H1L4 |newspaper=Reuters |date=28 December 2016 |accessdate=11 March 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.dawn.com/news/1226723/ |title=Pakistan surprised by its inclusion in 34-nation military alliance |publisher=DAWN|author=Baqir Sajjad Syed|date=2015-12-16|accessdate=2015-12-17}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://sputniknews.com/politics/20151218/1031937789/pakistan-join-saudi-coalition.html/ |title=Pakistan Joins Saudi-Lead Anti-Terror Coalition |publisher=sputnik |author= |date=2015-12-18 |accessdate=2015-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219035454/http://sputniknews.com/politics/20151218/1031937789/pakistan-join-saudi-coalition.html |archive-date=2015-12-19 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
24. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.dawn.com/news/1226894/ |title=Pakistan confirms participation in Saudi-led anti-terror alliance |publisher=DAWN |author=Baqir Sajjad Syed |date=2015-12-16|accessdate=2015-12-17}}
25. ^{{Cite news |url= http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/477ff0de-e5d8-11e5-bc31-138df2ae9ee6.html#axzz43vWZTmo9 |title=Pakistan's Sharif visits Saudi Arabia amid debate over military ties |last=Bokhari|first=Farhan |date=2016-03-09 |newspaper=Financial Times |issn=0307-1766|access-date=2016-03-25}}
26. ^{{Cite web|title = Saudi Arabia forms Muslim 'anti-terrorism' coalition|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/saudi-arabia-forms-muslim-anti-terrorism-coalition-151215035914865.html|website = www.aljazeera.com|accessdate = 2015-12-16}}
27. ^{{Cite web|title = Saudis announce Islamic anti-terrorism coalition - BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35099318|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-12-15}}
28. ^1 2 {{Cite news|title = Saudi Arabia announces 34-state Islamic military alliance against terrorism|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-security-idUSKBN0TX2PG20151215|newspaper = Reuters|date = 2015-12-15|access-date = 2015-12-15}}
29. ^{{cite news|author1=Wam|title=34-nation alliance to fight terrorism|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/34-nation-alliance-to-fight-terrorism-2015-12-16-1.614174|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=Emirates 24/7|date=16 December 2015}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/12/16/indonesia-yet-decide-saudi-led-military-coalition.html|title=Indonesia yet to decide on Saudi-led military coalition|work=The Jakarta Post|author=Marguerite Afra Sapiie |date=2015-12-16 |accessdate=2015-12-19}}
31. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/90814.html |title=Baku considers joining Riyadh-based coalition to fight terrorism |publisher=AzerNews |author=Sara Rajabova |date=2015-12-15 |accessdate=2015-12-19}}
32. ^{{cite news |title=Azerbaijan says joining Islamic Military Alliance not on its foreign policy agenda |url= http://en.apa.az/azerbaijan-politics/foreign-news/azerbaijan-decides-to-join-islamic-military-alliance.html |newspaper=Azeri-Press Agency |date=9 January 2017 |accessdate=11 March 2017}}
33. ^{{Cite web |title = Tajikistan, Azerbaijan to Join Islamic Coalition |url = http://english.aawsat.com/2015/12/article55345930/55345930 |website = Asharq Al-Awsat |accessdate = 2016-01-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224093127/http://english.aawsat.com/2015/12/article55345930/55345930 |archive-date = 2015-12-24 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
34. ^{{Cite web|title = Tajikistan reportedly plans to join Muslim anti-terror coalition formed by Saudi Arabia |url = http://news.tj/en/news/tajikistan-reportedly-plans-join-muslim-anti-terror-coalition-formed-saudi-arabia |website = Asia-Plus |accessdate = 2016-01-03}}
35. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1306798/raheel-sharif-appointed-chief-of-islamic-military-alliance-confirms-khawaja-asif|title=Yes |newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-04-09}}
36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/02/world/asia/pakistan-general-saudi-alliance-raheel-sharif.html?_r=0|title=Pakistan Approves Military Hero to Head Tricky Saudi-Led Alliance: Report|newspaper=www.nytimes.com|access-date=2017-04-09}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/bangladesh-%E2%80%98joins%E2%80%99-riyadh-based-anti-terrorism-coalition-187609|title=Bangladesh in 34-state Islamic military alliance|date=15 December 2015|publisher=}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/dec/16/bangladesh-joins-saudi-backed-anti-alliance|title=Bangladesh joins Saudi-backed anti-IS alliance|publisher=Dhaka Tribune}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samakal.net/2015/12/15/1783|title=Bangladesh joins Saudi-led 'Islamic military alliance'|publisher=}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.observerbd.com/2016/01/13/130709.php|newspaper=The Daily Observer |title=Bangladesh takes up new challenge in Islamic military alliance | author=Nizam Ahmed | date=13 January 2016}}
41. ^{{cite news|title=China backs Islamic Military Alliance to fight terrorism|url=http://www.arabnews.com/world/news/852756|accessdate=2015-12-19|work=Arab News|date=2017-06-22}}
42. ^{{cite news|title=Egypt's Azhar says Saudi decision to form Islamic military alliance 'historic'|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/173597/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Azhar-says-Saudi-decision-to-form-Islamic-m.aspx|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=Ahram Online|date=15 December 2015}}
43. ^{{Cite web|title = Germany welcomes 34-state Islamic military alliance against terrorism|url = http://www.businessinsider.com/r-germany-welcomes-34-state-islamic-military-alliance-against-terrorism-2015-12|website = Business Insider|accessdate = 2016-01-05}}
44. ^http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/04/07/Saddam-s-top-aide-appears-calls-to-line-up-against-Iran.html
45. ^1 {{cite news|author1=Serguei Doubine |author2=Behnam Masoumi |author3=Riad Muasses|author4=Rita Del Prete|title=What do Russia and Iran think about Saudi Arabia's coalition initiative?|url=http://www.euronews.com/2015/12/15/what-do-russia-and-iran-think-about-saudi-arabia-s-coalition-initiative/|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=euronews|date=15 December 2015}}
46. ^1 {{cite news|title=Turkey joins Sunni 'anti-terrorist' military coalition |url= http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-joins-sunni-anti-terrorist-military-coalition-.aspx?PageID=238&NID=92529&NewsCatID=352 |accessdate=17 December 2015|agency=Agence France-Presse |date=15 December 2015}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/851666|title=To join alliance, Iran ‘must change policy’|author=|date=17 December 2015|website=arabnews.com|accessdate=14 April 2018}}

External links

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28 : 21st-century military alliances|Counter-terrorist organizations|Iran–Saudi Arabia relations|Military alliances involving Afghanistan|Military alliances involving Bahrain|Military alliances involving Bangladesh|Military alliances involving Egypt|Military alliances involving Jordan|Military alliances involving Kuwait|Military alliances involving Lebanon|Military alliances involving Libya|Military alliances involving Malaysia|Military alliances involving Morocco|Military alliances involving Nigeria|Military alliances involving Oman|Military alliances involving Pakistan|Military alliances involving Qatar|Military alliances involving Saudi Arabia|Military alliances involving Sudan|Military alliances involving Tunisia|Military alliances involving Turkey|Military alliances involving the United Arab Emirates|Military alliances involving Yemen|Organisations based in Riyadh|Organizations established in 2015|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Supraorganizations|Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
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