| 释义 |
- Activism Arrest Reactions
- See also
- References
{{Update|date=January 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox person
| name = Israa al-Ghomgham
| native_name = إسراء الغمغام
| native_name_lang = ar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|29|2018|08|21|mos=1}}[2]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| known_for = participating in protests and documenting the 2017–18 Qatif unrest in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia;[3][4] sentenced to death in August 2018[2]
| spouse = Moussa al-Hashem[2]
| children =
| website =
| religion =
}}Israa al-Ghomgham[2][3] ({{lang|ar|إسراء الغمغام}}; {{As of|2018|09}}, she could become the first female human rights defender to be executed, possibly by beheading, in Saudi Arabia[11][12][13] following a final hearing to be held on 28 October 2018.[2] On 6 August 2018, the Saudi Arabian prosecutor involved in al-Ghomgham's case recommended that she and her husband be sentenced to death.[2] Saudi activists say that al-Ghomgham is the first woman to face capital punishment for human rights campaigning in Saudi Arabia.[2][17]ActivismAl-Ghomgham is well-known[4] for her documentation of Eastern Province protests, which started in 2011–2012 during the Arab Spring[19][20][21] and continued in 2017–18.[22] ArrestAl-Ghomgham and her husband Moussa al-Hashem were arrested in their home around 6[3]–8[10] December 2015, and held since then in the Dammam al-Mabahith prison.[1] The charges against the couple relate to the 2017–18 unrest in Qatif in the Eastern Province.[2][11] According to Human Rights Watch the charges include participating in protests, inciting protests, chanting slogans against the regime, attempting to inflame public opinion, filming protests, publishing on social media, using the photo of another woman on her Facebook page, and providing moral support to rioters.[1][2] Human Rights Watch described the charges as "not resembl[ing] recognizable crimes".[3][17] On 6 August 2018, al-Ghomgham appeared before the Specialized Criminal Court and the prosecutor recommended a death sentence, following the Islamic law principle of ta'zir which allows a judge to determine both the sentence for a crime and what constitutes a crime.[2][2] Al-Ghomgham had no access to a lawyer for the first 32 months of her detention.[11] The final court hearing, at which the death penalty should be confirmed or overturned, is scheduled for 28 October 2018.[3] If confirmed, the death penalty would then have to be confirmed or rejected by King Salman. Beheading would be carried out after Salman's confirmation of the sentence.[2] ReactionsShia Rights Watch sought international support to stop the death sentence, arguing that it would set a precedent for executing other Saudi women campaigning for the rights of religious minorities.[10] Sarah Whitson of Human Rights Watch stated that "seeking the death penalty for activists like Israa al-Ghomgham, who are not even accused of violent behavior, is monstrous" and in contradiction with the Saudi government's claim of reform.[3] Ali Adubisi of the European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights described the sentence as "a dangerous precedent" for the execution of other non-violent political activists.[2] Samah Hadid, Middle East director of campaigns for Amnesty International, agreed that the sentence set a dangerous precedent which "would send a horrifying message that other activists could be targeted in the same way for their peaceful protest and human rights activism".[2]A spokesman for Global Affairs Canada stated in relation to al-Ghomgham's situation that "Canada will always stand up for the protection of human rights, including women's rights and freedom of expression around the world", without calling for al-Ghomgham's "immediate release". A call by Canada earlier in August 2018 for the "immediate release" of women activists was stated by the Saudi government to be a factor in a diplomatic and trading crisis between the two countries.[41] A video of the execution of Laila Basim from 2015, purporting to be of al-Ghomgham's execution,[42] circulated on social media in August 2018.[43] See also- Nimr al-Nimr – Eastern Province dissident executed 2 January 2016
- Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr – Eastern Province dissident, nephew of Nimr al-Nimr, sentenced to death in 2014
References1. ^1 {{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia 'seeks death penalty for woman activist' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45270224 |accessdate=24 August 2018 |publisher=BBC |date=22 August 2018}}
2. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/female-human-rights-activist-faces-beheading-for-taking-part-in-antigovernment-protests/news-story/178ba84d924769b9ba9b581a6a2a53b5|title=Saudi prosecutors call for beheading of female human rights activist|work=NewsComAu|access-date=17 September 2018}}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudis-campaign-woman-risk-beheading-israa-ghomgham-426201683 |title=Saudi Arabia sentences female human rights defender to death |first=Sondos |last=Asem |publisher=Middle East Eye |accessdate=2018-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028223014/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudis-campaign-woman-risk-beheading-israa-ghomgham-426201683 |archivedate=2018-10-28 |date=20 August 2018}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/first-womans-execution-saudi-arabia-may-be-supporting-anti-government-protests-2710119|title=First Woman's Execution In Saudi Arabia May Be For Supporting Anti-Government Protests|first=Vaishnavi|last=Vaidyanathan|publisher=International Business Times |date=21 August 2018}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.usjournal.us/issues/human-rights/death-penalty-haunts-saudi-women-rights-activist-esraa-al-ghamgam/|title=Death Penalty Haunts Saudi Women Rights Activist: Esraa al-Ghamgam|first=Sondoss|last=Al Asaad|publisher=US Journal|date=20 August 2018}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/internacional/activista-Esra-al-Ghamgham-Arabia-Saudi_0_805970020.html|title=No, la activista Esra al-Ghamgham no ha sido ejecutada en Arabia Saudí|first=Leila|last=Nachawati|publisher=eldiario.es |date=21 August 2018}}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://israelunwired.com/saudi-arabia-human-rights-activist-punished-with-death-penalty/|title=Saudi Arabia Human Rights Activist Punished with Death Penalty|first=Avi|last=Abelow|publisher=Israel Unwired|date=20 August 2018}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web | last1 = Brennan | first1 = David | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Who Is Israa al-Ghomgham? Female Saudi Activist May Be Beheaded After Death Sentence | work = | publisher = Newsweek | date =21 August 2018 | url = https://www.newsweek.com/who-israa-al-ghomgham-female-saudi-activist-may-be-beheaded-after-death-1083499 |format = | doi = | accessdate = 24 August 2018 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/71v3csHGA?url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-israa-al-ghomgham-female-saudi-activist-may-be-beheaded-after-death-1083499 |archivedate= 24 August 2018 |deadurl=no}}
9. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/22/saudi-arabia-seeks-its-first-death-penalty-against-a-female-human-rights-activist|title=Saudi Arabia seeks death penalty against female human rights activist|last=Graham-Harrison|first=Emma|date=22 August 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/7286Bmzd0?url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/22/saudi-arabia-seeks-its-first-death-penalty-against-a-female-human-rights-activist|archive-date=2 September 2018|dead-url=|access-date=2 September 2018}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite web | last1 =Kalin | first1 =Stephen | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Saudi Arabia Seeks Its First Death Penalty Against Female Human Rights Activist | work = | publisher = Thomson Reuters/Huffington Post | date = 22 August 2018 | url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/saudi-arabia-seeks-its-first-death-penalty-against-female-human-rights-activist_us_5b7d5ac6e4b07295150eb234 |format = | doi = | accessdate = 23 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822223043/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/saudi-arabia-seeks-its-first-death-penalty-against-female-human-rights-activist_us_5b7d5ac6e4b07295150eb234 |archivedate=22 August 2018 |deadurl=no}}
11. ^1 {{cite news |first=Neela |last=Banerjee |title=Saudi Arabia 'day of rage' protest fizzles |date=11 March 2011 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-saudi-unrest-20110312,0,72557.story |accessdate=11 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x76tP4d2?url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-saudi-unrest-20110312,0,72557.story |archivedate=11 March 2011 |deadurl=no |work=Los Angeles Times }}
12. ^1 {{cite news |title=Saudis stage protest in Qatif |date=9 May 2011 |publisher=Press TV |url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/178587.html |accessdate=9 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yXKrvS4F?url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/178587.html |archivedate=8 May 2011 |deadurl=yes }}
13. ^1 {{cite news |title=Saudi forces clash with protesters in Qatif |date=13 January 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012113143917567124.html |accessdate=14 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64flMehoW?url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012113143917567124.html |archivedate=14 January 2012 |deadurl=no }}
14. ^1 {{cite web | last1 = von Hein | first1 =Matthias | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Is Saudi Arabia waging war on its Shiite minority? | work = | publisher = Deutsche Welle | date = 10 August 2017 | url = https://www.dw.com/en/is-saudi-arabia-waging-war-on-its-shiite-minority/a-40045513 |format = | doi = | accessdate = 25 August 2018 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/71vAnZIaK?url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-saudi-arabia-waging-war-on-its-shiite-minority/a-40045513 |archivedate= 24 August 2018 |deadurl=no}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | last1 = | first1 = | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Saudi Prosecution Seeks Death Penalty for Female Activist | work = | publisher = Human Rights Watch | date = 21 August 2018 | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/21/saudi-prosecution-seeks-death-penalty-female-activist |format = | doi = | accessdate = 23 August 2018 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/71s8YK5Mf?url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/21/saudi-prosecution-seeks-death-penalty-female-activist |archivedate= 22 August 2018 |deadurl=no}}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://shiarightswatch.org/first-woman-to-be-sentenced-to-death-penalty-in-s-a/ |title= First Woman to be sentenced to Death Penalty in S.A |author= |date=August 2018|accessdate=24 August 2018|publisher=Shia Rights Watch |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/71v2zxnFz?url=http://shiarightswatch.org/first-woman-to-be-sentenced-to-death-penalty-in-s-a |archivedate=24 August 2018 }}
17. ^1 {{cite news | last1 = Chase | first1 = Steven | last2= Yousif | first2= Nadine | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Canada criticizes Saudi Arabia over another jailed female activist | work = | publisher = The Globe and Mail | date = 21 August 2018 | url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-criticizes-saudi-arabia-over-another-jailed-female-activist/ |format = | doi = | accessdate = 25 August 2018 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/71wURVAPk?url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-criticizes-saudi-arabia-over-another-jailed-female-activist/ |archivedate= 25 August 2018 |deadurl=no}}
18. ^{{cite web| last1 =| first1 =| last2= | first2= | authorlink =| coauthors =| title =| work =| publisher =| date =| url = |format =| doi =| accessdate = }}
[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghomgham, Israa}}
9 : 1980s births|Living people|People from Dammam|Prisoners sentenced to death by Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian women|Saudi Arabian dissidents|Saudi Arabian human rights activists|Saudi Arabian prisoners and detainees|Women human rights defenders |