“Issam Mahfouz”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mahfouz is best known for his call to reform theater in the Arab world. In 1968 he published “The First Theater Manifesto” in which he proposed changing the language used in the theater from classical Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic or fuṣ’ḥa) to the local dialect to reflect the language of the street as “it is closer to the hearts of the people”.^[2] He also called for the themes of theatrical pieces to be international rather than local. In 1991 he altered his language proposal from the use of the local dialect to the development of a hybrid form of fuṣ’ḥa that would be comprehensible throughout the Arab world while still retaining the immediacy of the dialect. He subsequently translated all his plays into this “popular fuṣ’ḥa” (al-fuṣ’ḥa al-sha’abīyah). Mahfouz's own plays met immediate critical and popular success, and inaugurated a new era of theatrical production in the Arab world. Most recently, his play "The Dictator" was awarded the Sultan Award at the Arab Theater Film Festival in Doha in 2013.^[3] A translated version of “The Dictator” was selected by the Between the Seas Festival in New York for 2015 production.

Family background

Mahfouz was born on September 12, 1939 in the southern Lebanese town of Jadaydit Marjayoun, to a culturally active family.^[4] His mother, Monifa Shadid, was a schoolteacher before marriage. His grandfather Eid managed a popular brass band that played music during ceremonies. His father, Abdel-Masiḥ, was educated in Jerusalem and began producing plays in Marjayoun with the backing of his brother Ramez, although he earned his living as a dentist. In the 1930s, the brothers introduced cinema to the region with the establishment of the Haramoun Cinema and Theater in Marjayoun which drew audiences from the entire region, including Syria and Palestine. Abdel-Masiḥ was also one of the founders of ‘The Marjayoun Awakening’ (al-Nahḍah al-Marj’āyūnīyah), a weekly newspaper focused on socio-economic conditions in the country. In 1937 he published “Symbolism”, a comparative account of western symbolism and eastern symbolism, with the latter embodied in the writings of al-Sharif al-Radi. It was one of the very first books to discuss symbolism in Arabic literature.

The family home in Marjayoun hosted many poets and critics, including Ahmad al-Safi al Najafi, Bchara Al-Khoury, Amin Nakhle, Ameen Rihani, Sheikh Abdul-Hussein Sadek, Sheikh Abdul-Hussein Sharafeddine, Bulus Salameh, Ahmed Aref el-Zein, Suleiman Daher, al-Sayyed Mohsen al-Amin, and many others. Abdel-Masiḥ himself wrote classical Arabic poetry and was known as the "Nightingale of the South" (Bulbul al-Januub.)^[5]

Childhood

Mahfouz spent most of his childhood in his hometown, Marjayoun. However, the period was marked by several displacements of his family to different regions in Lebanon as conflicts, including World War II and the Israel-Palestine war, affected Marjayoun significantly. Mahfouz's childhood was also affected by the death of close family members, including his mother at the age of two.^[6] Mahfouz finished school in Marjayoun. He showed an early inclination for theater by writing and producing plays in the attic of the family home, using accessories from the Haramoun Cinema and Theater. Friends and neighbors were invited to play different roles in his productions but he reserved the main character for himself.^[7] His childhood plays, with titles like “The Prisoner” and “The Wheat Seller”, revolved around the same issues he went on to develop in his adult productions: love, justice, and freedom.

Early beginnings

In 1957 Mahfouz moved to Beirut to continue his education and fulfill his ambitions. He had already written his first collection of poetry, “Ashya’a Mayta” (Dead Things) which he published privately in 1959 and from which selected poems were modified and published in a 1961 collection of poetry, “'Ashab Al-Ṣayf” (Summer Weeds). In 1958, Mahfouz met the poet Shawki Abu Shaqra, who in turn introduced him to Yussuf Al-Khal, the founder of “Majallat Shi’ir” (Poetry Magazine), a publication about modern poetry in the Arab world in which Mahfouz published some of his poems and was a member of its editorial board from 1958 to 1964 when the magazine temporarily ceased publication and from 1967 to 1970 when it was revived. He produced two further poetry collections, “Al-Sayf Wa-Burj al-Adhra” (“The Sword and the Sign of Virgo”) and “al-Mawt al-Awwal” (“The First Death”) in 1963 and 1967 respectively. His poems were written in the modern free verse that was being introduced into the Arabic literary scene at the time. After the Arab defeat in the Six Day War, Mahfouz abruptly stopped writing poetry. He claimed that poetry “prevents us from seeing the dagger pointed at our hearts”. Once he had moved to France in 1975 he began writing prose poetry drawing on the image of Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of Spain who was known as “The Entrant”. Mahfouz wrote as “The Leaver”, which in Arabic means "the rebel" or a "member of the Khawarij", dissidents of early Islam.^[8]

Theater work

Mahfouz turned his hand to playwriting as he saw it as an effective medium of communication with audiences.^[9] He completed his first play “al-Zinzalakht” (“The Chinaberry”) Theater of Lebanon in 1963, but it met with resistance from the theater industry due to its use of colloquial Arabic. In protest he wrote pantomimes. “al-Zinzalakht” wasn't performed until 1968 under the direction of Berge Vassilian.^[10] In 1967 after the Arab defeat Mahfouz wrote “al-Qatl” (“The Killing”) but the Lebanese government prohibited its opening on the first anniversary of the defeat. The play was published in the magazine Fikr in 1969 with some modification of names. It was the only play he wrote in fuṣ’ḥa as it was a documentary using real quotations, not a literary work. During this same period, he translated and adapted "Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett in 1967 and saw it produced at Masrah Beirut. In the same year he translated the novel "L'Amante Anglaise" by Marguerite Duras and turned it into a radio play of seven installments which was published in the newspaper "al-Hasna" and was directed by Shakib Khoury for Lebanese radio.^[11] Later, Marguerite Duras herself turned her novel into a play. Other major plays Mahfouz wrote include “al-Diktātūr” (“The Dictator”) 1969,“Carte Blanche” 1970, “Limāthā” (“Why?”) 1971, and “al-Ta’arīyah”(“Nakedness”) 2003, in addition to short plays. In keeping with his belief that art must be political, his plays are noted for their mordant social commentary, humanist perspective, and occasional surrealism. His plays won several awards, including at the Damascus Festival for Arabic Theater Arts in 1970 and Said Akl Award in 1968 for “al-Zinzalakht”. He served on the jury of a number of festivals, including al-Hamamet in Tunis in 1973. In 1974 he wrote a thirteen segment documentary series for Channel 7 in Lebanon about Lebanese theater from 1850 to 1950. His renown was such that in his article on Mahfouz, Yasmin Rifa'i noted: “Issam Mahfouz was one of five Arab playwrights lauded in the International German Encyclopedia under the auspices of the Institute of Theatrical Sciences in Vienna.” ^[12]

Journalism

Mahfouz wrote for several publications beginning in 1959, but he is best known for his work at al-Nahar where he wrote for the cultural section from 1966 to 1996. In 1975, he moved with al-Nahar's regional and international sections to Paris, due to the civil war in Lebanon. He was introduced to Western intellectual and cultural circles in Paris whose personalities he interviewed for his paper. While in Paris, he enrolled in l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociale and earned his diplôme under Jacques Berque. His thesis was entitled “Trotskyism and Surrealism in the Arab World between the World Wars”.

Criticism

Mahfouz wrote several books critical of the West, including “An Arab Critic in Paris” (“Naqid Arabī Fī Barīs”,1980) for which he was labeled an ‘Occidentalist. He also wrote theater criticism of which the most prominent include “al-Masraḥ Mustaqbal al-Arabīyah” (Theater is the Future of Arabic) 1991, and Masraḥi W a-al-Masraḥ (A Playwright and The Theater) 1995.

Dialogues

Mahfouz wrote a number of imaginary dialogues with prominent historical figures including Ibn Arabi, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Khaldun, Jabr ibn Hayyan, Abul ‘Ala Al-Ma’arri, Abd al-Rahman Al Kawakibi, Mohammed ibn Zakariya al-Razi, and Ahmad Faris Shidyaq which were published in book form. They read like plays in potential form.

Death

In June 2005 Issam was admitted to the hospital after a cerebral stroke.^[13] He was partially paralyzed, but insisted on using his left hand to complete four books: al-A’māl al-Masraḥīyah, Tab’a Munaqah wa Mazid (The Dramatic Works with Additions and Revisions); Asātithātuna Fī al-Qarn al-‘Ishrīn (Our Teachers in the 20th Century); al-A’mal al-Shi’rīyah (Poetic Works), Dar al-Farabi, 2016; Riḥla Thaqafīyah fī Sab’īnat al-Qarn al-‘ishrīn Bayn al-Sharq wa-al-Maghrib (A Cultural Voyage in Nineteen-Seventies: East and West), Dar al-Bayrouni, 2006. He passed away on the 3rd of February 2006 and was buried in his hometown, Marjayoun. Anniversary Remembrance: On the 10th anniversary of Mahfouz’s death American University of Beirut, Lebanese American University, and the City Theater honored Mahfouz in a joint event. During the year 2016 “al-Zinzalakht”, “Limāthā”, and “Al-Diktātūr” were produced in Beirut and other cities in Lebanon.

Quotes on Mahfouz

List of works

Dramatic texts

Theater criticism

Poetry

Criticism

Politics

Dialogue Texts (Hiwār)

Translations (Interpretations with Introductions)

Short Stories

Unpublished works

References

1. ^Jayyusi, Salma Khadra and Allen, Roger: Modern Arabic Drama: An Anthology, Indiana University Press, 1995
2. ^Mahfouz, I. (1984). Masrahiyat Qasira. Dar Abaad. Beirut: 1984).
3. ^Al-Shoraiqi, A. (2013). Fawz Al-Diktator Bi Mahrajan Al-Masrah Al-Arabic Bil Dawha. Al-Jazeera Net. Retrieved May 2016 from http://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2013/1/16/فوز-الدكتاتور-بمهرجان-المسرح-العربي-بالدوحة
4. ^Majallat Al-Masarra, Volume 9, November 1932.
5. ^Al-Qalam Al-Sarih, August 3, 1932.
6. ^Mahfouz, I. (1995). Masrahi Wal Masrah, Dar 2002. Beirut: 1995.
7. ^Mahfouz, I. (1984). Masrahi Wal Masrah, Op. Cit.
8. ^Wazen, A. (1982). Al Masrah Wal Shier Al Hadith. Molhaq Annahar.
9. ^Jayyusi, Salma Khadra and Allen, Roger, op cit.
10. ^Mahfouz, I. (1984). Masrahiyat Qasira, Op. Cit.
11. ^Issam Mahfouz, trans., al-Zaharat al-Mistahiiyye"
12. ^Yassin Rifa’i, “Issam Mahfouz wa al-Masrah al-Lubani”, al-Mawqif al-Arabi, (Damascus)September 1974.
13. ^Ghanem, Z. (2005). Salamtak Issam Mahfouz Al Insan: Shakhes Al Shier Wal Masrah. Annaked Wal Fiker. Jaridat Al Liwa, 21/7/2005.
14. ^"Modern and Contemporary Political Theater from the Levant", London, Brill
15. ^"De Dictator", Brussels, Bebuquin/Moussem, 2017