| 词条 | Italian destroyer Turbine (1927) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Italian destroyer Turbine was the lead ship of the {{sclass-|Turbine|destroyer|2}}s built for the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) during the late 1920s. Her name means whirlwind. Description and construction{{sclass-|Turbine|destroyer|0}} warships were built in 1927–1928 and contained characteristics that can be described as transitional between the ships of the post-World War I period and those built in the 1930s. Compared to both of their predecessors, {{sclass-|Sauro|destroyer|0}} and {{sclass-|Sella|destroyer|0}} vessels, their hull was elongated to accommodate a more powerful propulsion system to gain about 10% more power and increase their speed by 1 knot. Additional side fuel tanks were added which allowed to increase fuel stowage to 446 tons of fuel oil.Turbine like all other Turbine-class boats had a significant overload: their design standard displacement was {{convert|1092|LT|t}} but in practice it was around {{convert|1220|LT|t}}. Her deep load was {{convert|1670|LT|t}} as designed, and ended up being {{convert|1715|LT|t}} as built. The ship had an overall length of {{convert|307.5|ft|m|1}}, a beam of {{convert|30.5|ft|m|1}} and a draught of {{convert|10.75|ft|m|1}}. She was powered by 2 Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of {{convert|40000|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|36|kn|lk=in}}.[1] During the trials the contract speed was exceeded, Turbine was clocked at {{convert|39.6|kn}} during trials, but at full load the vessel could reach no more than {{convert|33|kn}}. Steam for the turbines was provided by three Thornycroft 3-drum boilers. Turbine carried a maximum of {{convert|446|LT|t}} of fuel oil that gave her a range of {{convert|3800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|20|kn}}. The ship mounted four 45-calibre {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns in twin mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defense, three 40 mm/39 pom-pom cannons in single mounts were deployed at the time of launching. In early 1930s one of the 40 mm/39 pom-poms was removed, and a single mount twin 13.2 mm machine guns were installed. She was fitted with two above-water triple {{convert|533|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tube mounts, and could also carry 52 mines. Turbine was built at the Odero shipyard in Sestri Ponente. She was laid down on 24 March 1925 and launched on 21 April 1927, with Miss Ada Ravano being the sponsor. The ship was completed on 27 August 1927 and after sea trials officially entered the service with the Regia Marina. ServiceUpon her entry into service, Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Nembo|1927|2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Aquilone|1927|2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Euro|1927|2}} was assigned to the 2nd Squadron of the I Destroyer Flotilla based at La Spezia.[2] Between 1929 and 1932 the submarine carried out a number of training cruises in the Mediterranean[3] In 1931 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Ostro|1928|2}}, Aquilone and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Borea|1927|2}} as well as older {{ship|Italian destroyer|Daniele Manin||2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Giovanni Nicotera||2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Pantera||2}} formed 1st Destroyer Flotilla, part of II Naval Division.[4] In 1934 after another reorganization Turbine as well as Aquilone, Nembo and Euro were again reunited, now forming the 8th Destroyer Squadron, part of II Naval Division.[5] Together with Nembo she was temporarily deployed to the Red Sea to conduct training in tropical climate in 1934.[3] Spanish Civil WarAfter the Civil War started in Spain in July 1936, both Italy and Nazi Germany supported the Nationalists of General Franco, whereas Soviet Union was actively supporting the Republicans. During the first year of the war, the Soviets used the Republican controlled ports of Bilbao and Santander in the North of Spain adjacent to the French border, but after their fall in the summer of 1937, the USSR was forced to use ports in the Mediterranean to continue supplying the Republicans. Both Italy and Germany deployed their submarines in the Mediterranean in early 1937 to interdict with Republican shipping, but without much success. On August 3, 1937 Franco made an urgent plea with Mussolini to use the Italian fleet to prevent the passage of a large Soviet transport convoy, which just departed from Odessa.[6] Originally, only submarines were supposed to be used, but Mussolini was convinced by Franco to use Italian surface ships too against the Soviets. The Italian blockade was put into effect immediately, with two cruisers, {{ship|Italian cruiser|Armando Diaz||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Luigi Cadorna||2}}, eight torpedo boats and eight destroyers, including Turbine being deployed in and around the Strait of Sicily and Strait of Messina.[6] At the time Turbine was under command of captain Virgilio Rusca. On August 17 Turbine and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Leone Pancaldo||2}} while on patrol off the African coast sighted Republican steamer {{SS|Aldecoa||2}} sailing under the British flag. The freighter, however, managed to escape her pursuers by entering French territorial waters, and continuing close to the coast until she reached the port of Algiers.[6] On August 30, 1937 Turbine was on patrol together with Ostro, when they encountered Soviet steamer {{SS|Timiryazev||2}} around 16:00. The destroyers continued shadowing the ship until the darkness fell, and around 21:00 Turbine launched two torpedoes at the Soviet vessel, and Ostro launched one. The cargo ship was hit by two torpedoes in quick succession and rapidly sank in the position {{coords|36|57|N|03|58|E||}}, approximately 74 miles east of Algiers.[6] Two lifeboats with all 29 survivors were towed to Dellys by local fishing boats, and successfully reached the shore at 01:00 on August 31. The Soviet steamer was not a blockade runner, and was transporting 2,834 tons of coal from Cardiff to Port Said. In September 1937 the Nyon Conference was called by France and Great Britain to address the "underwater piracy" conducted against merchant traffic in the Mediterranean. On September 14, an agreement was signed establishing British and French patrol zones around Spain (with a total of 60 destroyers and airforce employed) to counteract aggressive behavior by submarines. Italy was not directly accused, but had to comply with the agreement and suspend the maritime operations. World War IIAt the time of Italy entry into World War II Turbine together with Euro, Nembo and Aquilone formed 1st Destroyer Squadron based in Tobruk. Initially, she was assigned escort and anti-submarine duties. On June 6, 1940, in preparation for hostilities, the ships of 1st Destroyer Squadron together with the auxiliar cruiser Bartletta laid fourteen minefields (540 mines) around Tobruk.[7] During her first war patrol she was on an anti-submarine mission in the Gulf of Taranto together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Strale|1931|2}}. At 23:21 pm on June 13, 1940, Strale sighted an enemy submarine ({{HMS|Odin|N84|6}}) at the entrance of the Gulf of Taranto, and proceeded to attack her with gunfire and attempted to ram the submarine. Odin managed to get away with some damage, however, she was later that night sunk by Italian destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Baleno||2}}. After an air reconnaissance revealed large number of ships present in Tobruk harbor, including several destroyers, British command ordered an air attack on Tobruk on June 12. The air strike was carried out by Blenheims from 45, 55, 113 and 211 Squadrons in the early morning hours of June 12. British bombers were intercepted by CR.32s from 92nd, 93rd and 94th Squadriglias, forcing some bombers to turn away, or drop their bombs prematurely. Several bombers managed to get through and bombed the harbor between 04:52 and 05:02 causing only negligible damage.[8] In response the Italian command ordered a bombardment of Sollum. The raid was carried out both by Regia Aeronautica and Regia Marina, with twelve SM.79 bombers dropping bombs in the early morning of June 15, while destroyers Turbine, Nembo and Aquilone shelled the town from 03:49 to 04:05, firing 220 shells of their main caliber, but dealing negligible damage to the installations due to thick fog present at the time of attack.[9][10] Another bombardment of Sollum was performed between 05:35 and 06:18 on June 26 by the same destroyer group "with considerable effectiveness" expending 541 shells in the process.[10][11] On June 19, 1940 while conducting another anti-submarine mission Turbine, about 25 miles north of Tobruk, detected and attacked with depth charges another British submarine, {{HMS|Orpheus|N46|2}}, and sank her in the approximate position {{coord|32|30|N|24|00|E||}}. On July 5, 1940 there were seven {{sclass-|Turbine|destroyer|2}}s berthed in Tobruk harbor, including Turbine, together with four torpedo boats, six freighters and several auxiliary vessels.[12] Between 10:00 to 11:15 a Short Sunderland reconnaissance plane overflew the harbor at an altitude of 1,500-2,000 meters and despite the anti-aircraft fire opened against it, confirmed the presence of numerous ships in the harbor. In the late afternoon a group of nine Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of 813 Naval Air Squadron took off from the airfield in Sidi Barrani and headed towards Tobruk.[13] The air alarm was sounded at 20:06 but the Italians failed to detect the Allied aircraft until they were already over the harbor at 20:20.[12] Destroyers had most of their personnel on board steamers {{SS|Liguria||2}} and {{SS|Sabbia||2}} with exception of dedicated air defense crews.[14] The attack commenced a few minutes later, and lasted only seven minutes and resulted in five Italian ships being sunk or damaged.[12] Not encountering any aerial opposition, British torpedo bombers attacked from low altitude (around 100 feet), and released their torpedoes from 400-500 meters away, almost point-blank.[14] {{ship|Italian destroyer|Zeffiro|1927|2}} was attacked first by a plane piloted by Nicholas Kennedy, whose torpedo hit the destroyer in the bow, around the ammunition depot, between the bridge and a 120 mm cannon.[14] The explosion broke the ship into two and sank it half an hour later. Freighter {{SS|Manzoni||2}} was also hit, capsized and sank, while Euro and steamer {{SS|Serenitas||2}} were hit, and had to be beached, and the ocean liner {{SS|Liguria||2}} was hit and damaged. Two planes also attacked other destroyers, including Turbine, but failed to launch their torpedoes due to intense anti-aircraft fire.[13] The air alarm was canceled at 21:31, and by that time all nine British planes were far away. On 19 July 1940 British command, believing that the light cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Giovanni delle Bande Nere||2}}, damaged during the Battle of Cape Spada, had taken refuge in Tobruk, decided to launch a new bomber attack against the base.[15] Turbine was berthed deeper in the harbor, in the port itself, close to the wreck of Euro which was beached after the July 5 raid. Most personnel was on board steamers {{SS|Liguria||2}} and {{SS|Sabbia||2}} with exception of dedicated air defense crews. Around 17:00 twelve Bristol Blenheim bombers from 55 Squadron and 211 Squadron RAF bombed the northern part of the harbor, slightly damaging an anti-aircraft battery and the port's facilities, and losing one aircraft.[16][15] At 18:56 a seaplane from the 700 Naval Air Squadron launched by the British battleship {{HMS|Warspite|03|2}} appeared to investigate results of the bombing. The seaplane was immediately targeted by anti-aircraft batteries, and shot down.[16][15] At 21:54 Tobruk was put on alert again after receiving reports from the Bardia and Sidi Belafarid advanced listening stations. Around 22:30 six Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers from the 824 Naval Air Squadron RAF appeared in the skies above Tobruk harbor and were met with strong anti-aircraft fire. This forced the planes to make several passes over the area trying to avoid the fire, and also to acquire the targets, the situation exacerbated by a fairly cloudy night.[16] The British finally managed to sort out their objectives by about 01:30 on July 20 and assumed attack formation at low altitude. At 01:32 steamer {{SS|Sereno||2}} was struck in the stern by a torpedo, launched from a plane, piloted by squadron commander F. S. Quarry, causing her to slowly sink.[16] At 01:34 Ostro was hit in her stern ammunition depot by a torpedo launched from another plane, causing the ship to go ablaze and sink ten minutes later.[16] Nembo was hit by a torpedo from a plane piloted by E. S. Ashley at 01:37 and sank.[16] The British lost one plane in the attack which crash-landed on the way back in the Italian controlled territory.[15] Following this attack the Italian Command considered Tobruk to be too vulnerable to enemy air attacks, and decided to shift deliveries to Benghazi. The cargo was then carried along the coast of Libya by coastal convoys of 1-2 ships, sometimes accompanied by escorts. Turbine along with other destroyers and torpedo boats were relocated to Benghazi as well. During the months of August and early September 1940 the destroyer conducted patrols outside the Benghazi harbor and some coastal escorting missions. On September 13, 1940 the Italian Army invaded Egypt and captured Sollum. A convoy was sighted travelling east along the Libyan coast on September 15 by a Short Sunderland flying boat from 230 Squadron.[35] In attempt to help their ground force, the Royal Navy designed attacks on Italian bases, in particular, Benghazi. During the day on September 16, British force consisting of battleship {{HMS|Valiant|1914|2}}, heavy cruiser {{HMS|Kent|54|2}}, anti-aircraft cruisers {{HMS|Calcutta|D82|2}} and {{HMS|Coventry|D43|2}}, seven destroyers and an aircraft carrier {{HMS|Illustrious|87|2}} sortied from Alexandria.[17] In the evening of September 16, 1940 Turbine together with destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Borea|1927|2}} and Aquilone was berthed in Benghazi harbor. At 19:30 steamers Maria Eugenia and Gloria Stella escorted by {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Fratelli Cairoli||2}} arrived from Tripoli bringing the total number of vessels present in the harbor to 32.[35] During the night of September 16 and 17, nine Swordfish bombers of 815 Squadron RAF carrying bombs and torpedoes, and six from 819 Squadron RAF armed with mines took off from {{HMS|Illustrious|87|2}} and approximately at 00:30 arrived undetected over Benghazi harbor.[18][17] The anti-aircraft defenses opened fire but were unable to stop the attack. After passing over the harbor to determine their targets, Swordfish bombers made their first attack at 00:57 hitting and sinking {{SS|Gloria Stella||2}} and severely damaging torpedo boat {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Cigno|1936|2}}, harbor tug Salvatore Primo and an auxiliary vessel Giuliana. The bombers then conducted a second assault at 1:00 striking and sinking {{SS|Maria Eugenia||2}} and destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Borea|1927|2}}.[18] While torpedo bombers attacked the harbor, six Swordfish aircraft armed with mines laid them undetected about 75 meters outside the harbor entrance.[18] Neither Turbine nor Aquilone were targeted in this raid probably due to them being further away from the rest of the ships. Next morning, the Libyan Naval Command (Comando Marilibia) fearing new attacks by the British aircraft decided to empty Benghazi harbor. At 11:38 on September 17 the first cargo ship {{MV|Francesco Barbaro||2}} departed Benghazi for Tripoli escorted by an old torpedo boat {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Generale Antonino Cascino||2}}. As soon as the freighter left the harbor she hit a mine, and had to be towed back into port. The area was dredged to clear potential mines, and all ships were ordered to follow the cleared channel out of the harbor.[19] Turbine and Aquilone also received an order to leave Benghazi and departed from port at 20:15, with Turbine leading. At around 20:45 while about a mile outside the dredged area, Aquilone struck two magnetic mines, one in the middle and one by her stern, forcing the destroyer to immediately start veering to the left, towards the coast. The explosions threw many men overboard, and caused the depth charges to drop into water, but due to shallow depth, 40-45 feet, they did not go off. In the darkness, it was unclear what happened, and the harbor anti-aircraft weapons started firing, while Turbine accelerated and started zigzagging trying to protect herself from non-existent air threat. Turbine was then ordered to leave the area, not approach Aquilone, and proceed to Tripoli on her own. With her rudder stuck, Aquilone was flooded quickly, and sank in about 5 minutes.[19] Despite quick sinking, rough weather and darkness, the ship was abandoned in order limiting the number of casualties, with 4 people killed, 9 missing and 20 wounded.[19] The port of Benghazi was temporarily closed until the arrival from Italy of a minesweeper with electromagnetic sweeping gear to conduct proper demining.[18]On February 8, 1941 Turbine together with torpedo boats {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Orsa|1937|2}}, {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Generale Antonio Cantore||2}} and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Giuseppe Missori||2}} departed Naples escorting German vessels {{SS|Ankara||2}}, {{SS|Arcturus||2}} and {{SS|Alicante||2}} carrying elements of the German 5th Light Division, part of the Afrika Korps, for Tripoli. The convoy had to stop at Palermo on February 9 to wait out a possible sortie by British Force H, and departed it next day arriving in Tripoli at 15:00 on February 11, 1941.[20] Turbine then returned to Naples on February 15. On February 19, 1941 Turbine along with Saetta and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Freccia|1930|2}} departed from Naples to Tripoli escorting the third German Afrika Korps convoy consisting of ships {{SS|Arta||2}}, {{SS|Heraclea||2}}, {{SS|Menes||2}} and {{SS|Maritza||2}} and successfully reached Tripoli on February 21.[21] On March 8, 1941 Turbine together with destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Fulmine|1931|2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Baleno||2}} sailed from Naples for Tripoli escorting another German Afrika Korps convoy consisting of steamers {{SS|Alicante||2}}, {{SS|Arcturus||2}}, {{SS|Wachtfels||2}} and {{MV|Rialto|1927|2}} carrying among other supplies the first tanks for the German 5th Light Division. The convoy successfully arrived in Tripoli on March 12 without any incidents.[22] On April 2, 1941 Turbine along with Saetta and torpedo boat Orsa departed from Naples for Tripoli escorting a supply convoy for the Afrika Korps consisting of German steamers {{SS|Alicante||2}}, {{SS|Maritza||2}}, {{SS|Santa Fe||2}} and Italian vessels {{SS|Procida||2}} and {{SS|Tembien||2}}. The convoy arrived in Tripoli on April 5 without any incidents.[23] On April 7 {{SS|Alicante||2}}, {{SS|Maritza||2}}, {{SS|Santa Fe||2}} and Italian steamer {{SS|Procida||2}} departed Tripoli on their return trip to Naples escorted by Turbine, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Scirocco||2}}, Saetta and torpedo boats Orsa and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Pegaso|1936|2}} safely arriving in Italy on April 11.[24] On April 21, 1941 Turbine together with Saetta, Strale and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Folgore||2}} departed from Naples for Tripoli escorting another Afrika Korps convoy consisting of German ships {{SS|Castellon||2}}, {{SS|Arcturus||2}}, {{MV|Leverkusen||2}} and Italian steamer {{SS|Giulia||2}}. The convoy arrived at Tripoli on April 24 without any incidents.[25] On May 1, 1941 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Saetta||2}}, Strale and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Folgore||2}} departed Tripoli for return trip to Italy escorting German ships {{SS|Castellon||2}}, {{SS|Arcturus||2}}, {{MV|Leverkusen||2}}, {{SS|Wachtfels||2}} and Italian steamer {{SS|Giulia||2}}. At 11:08 {{HMS|Upholder|P37|2}} sighted the convoy in an approximate position {{coord|34|38|N|11|39|E}}, about {{convert|20|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} south-east of Kerkennah, and commenced an attack at 11:32. The steamer {{SS|Arcturus||2}} was hit by two torpedoes and sank, while {{MV|Leverkusen||2}} was struck by another torpedo and seriously damaged. {{MV|Leverkusen||2}} had to turn around and head back to Tripoli, escorted by Turbine. {{HMS|Upholder|P37|2}} was counter-attacked by the destroyers, forcing the submarine to dive and withdraw for about three hours but caused her no damage. {{MV|Leverkusen||2}} was observed again by the submarine at 14:45 sailing slowly towards Tripoli with Turbine standing by. {{HMS|Upholder|P37|2}} dove for another attack at 17:30 and launched another attack against {{MV|Leverkusen||2}} at 19:01 with two torpedoes. Both torpedoes struck the freighter causing her to sink about 45 minutes later in approximate position {{coord|34|45|N|11|42|E}}, about {{convert|21|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} miles east of Kerkennah. The whole crew was saved by Turbine without loss. The rest of the convoy sailed into Trapani to wait out any further attacks.[26] On May 16, 1941 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Folgore||2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Fulmine|1931|2}}, Strale and Euro departed Naples escorting a German-Italian convoy consisting of freighters {{SS|Preussen||2}}, {{SS|Sparta||2}}, {{SS|Capo Orso||2}}, {{SS|Castelverde||2}} and {{SS|Motia||2}} and tanker {{SS|Panuco||2}}. The convoy proceeded to Palermo where tanker {{SS|Superga||2}} joined in. At 11:30 on May 19 the convoy was attacked in the Sicilian Strait by British submarine {{HMS|Urge||2}} forcing ships to take evasive action. As a result, steamer {{SS|Preussen||2}} and tanker {{SS|Panuco||2}} collided, but were able to continue on to Tripoli. On May 20 {{HMS|Urge||2}} attempted another attack, targeting steamer {{SS|Capo Orso||2}} and tanker {{SS|Superga||2}} in the position {{coord|35|46|N|11|56|E}} but the attack proved to be unsuccessful. The convoy arrived at Tripoli on May 21, 1941.[27] On May 24, 1941 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Folgore||2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Fulmine|1931|2}} left Tripoli for Naples escorting German steamers {{SS|Duisburg||2}} and {{SS|Preussen||2}} and Italian ships {{SS|Bosforo||2}}, {{SS|Bainsizza||2}} and tankers {{SS|Panuco||2}} and {{SS|Superga||2}}.[28] The convoy had to return to Tripoli and departed again on May 26 reaching Naples and Palermo safely on May 31.On June 30, 1941 Turbine together with Freccia, Strale and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Dardo|1930|2}} departed Naples for Tripoli escorting convoy consisting of Italian ships {{MV|Francesco Barbaro||2}}, {{MV|Sebastiano Veniero|1940|2}}, {{MV|Andrea Gritti|1939|2}}, {{MV|Rialto|1927|2}}, {{MV|Barbarigo|1930|2}} and German steamer {{SS|Ankara||2}}.[29] The convoy successfully reached Tripoli on July 2. On July 27, 1941 Turbine together with Freccia, Strale and Dardo left Naples for Tripoli escorting Afrika Korps convoy consisting of Italian ships {{SS|Bainsizza||2}}, {{SS|Amsterdam|1921|2}}, {{SS|Col di Lana||2}} and German freighter {{SS|Spezia||2}}. After safely arriving in Libya and unloading the same convoy departed Tripoli on July 29, 1941 safely arriving in Italy on July 31.[30] On August 4, 1941 Turbine together with Freccia, Strale and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Malococello||2}} left Tripoli for return trip to Italy escorting ships {{SS|Bainsizza||2}}, {{SS|Amsterdam|1921|2}}, {{SS|Col di Lana||2}} and {{SS|Maddalena Odero||2}}. The convoy was unsuccessfully attacked on August 5 by British aircraft.[31] On November 20, 1941 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Perseo|1935|2}} left Naples for Tripoli escorting supply convoy C consisting of steamers {{SS|Napoli||2}} and {{SS|Vettor Pisani||2}}, with cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Gorizia||2}}, {{ship|Italian cruiser|Trieste||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Trento||2}} providing distant cover. At 00:23 on November 21, the covering cruiser force was detached from convoy C and returned to Naples.[32] At 00:38 on November 22 Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers from 830 Squadron attacked the covering force and torpedoed cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Duca degli Abruzzi||2}}, blowing off her stern. The damaged cruiser was able to proceed under her own power to Messina accompanied by {{ship|Italian cruiser|Giuseppe Garibaldi|1936|2}}, Turbine, Perseo and several other destroyers. The British continued their attacks but failed to cause any more damage. At 01:00 the ships of convoy C were escorted by destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Geniere|1938|2}} to Taranto to wait out any further air attacks.[33] Turbine together with destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Corazziere|1938|2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Carabiniere|1938|2}} then continued on to Reggio. On December 13, 1941 Turbine and Strale departed Argostoli escorting steamers {{SS|Capo Orso||2}} and {{SS|Iseo||2}} on their trip to Benghazi. Some time on December 14 {{SS|Capo Orso||2}} and {{SS|Iseo||2}} collided putting themselves out of action.[34] Turbine then returned to Argostoli and transported the survivors from {{MV|Calitea||2}} to Patras on December 14.[35] On April 13, 1942 Turbine and Freccia departed from Taranto for Tripoli escorting one of three supply convoys consisting of one merchant vessel, a part of "Operation Aprilia".[36] On May 5, 1942 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Ugolino Vivaldi||2}} and torpedo boats {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Pegaso|1936|2}} and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Enrico Cosenz||2}} departed Naples for Benghazi escorting three merchant ships. On May 7, British submarine {{HMS|Thorn|N11|2}} tried to intercept the convoy, but the attack was unsuccessful.[37] On June 22, 1942 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Folgore||2}} and torpedo boats {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Partenope||2}}, {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Castore||2}} and Orsa departed from Palermo for Benghazi escorting Italian merchant ships {{MV|Nino Bixio||2}} and {{MV|Mario Roselli||2}}. On June 23 the convoy was attacked by British aircraft damaging freighter {{MV|Mario Roselli||2}}. As a precaution, the convoy was put into Taranto, with {{MV|Nino Bixio||2}} and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Castore||2}} arriving there on June 24. {{MV|Mario Roselli||2}} was towed in by Orsa escorted by torpedo boats {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Antares||2}} and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Arethusa||2}} on June 25.[38] On July 3, 1942 Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Giovanni da Verazzano||2}}, Euro and torpedo boats {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Antares||2}}, {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Pegaso|1936|2}}, {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Castore||2}}, {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|San Martino||2}} and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Polluce||2}} departed from Taranto for Libya escorting cargo ships {{SS|Ankara||2}}, {{MV|Nino Bixio||2}} and {{MV|Monviso||2}}. The convoy was attacked by British aircraft on several occasions and British submarines {{HMS|Thrasher|N37|2}} and {{HMS|Turbulent|N98|2}} but unsuccessfully.[39] Between August 3 and 5, 1942 Turbine together with destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Grecale||2}}, Freccia, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Corsaro||2}}, {{ship|Italian destroyer|Folgore||2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Legionario||2}} and torpedo boats {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Partenope||2}} and {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Calliope|1938|2}} escorted three ship convoy consisting of {{MV|Nino Bixio||2}}, {{SS|Ankara||2}} and {{MV|Sestrieri||2}} to Libya. The convoy carried 92 tanks, 340 automobiles, 3 locomotives, a crane, 292 soldiers, 4,381 tons of fuel and lubricants and 5,256 tons of other cargo. The ships reached their target destination without an incident despite heavy air attacks by Allied aircraft.[40] On her return trip Turbine together with {{ship|Italian destroyer|Grecale||2}} escorted tanker {{SS|Rondine||2}} and cargo ship {{MV|Citta di Savona||2}} from Tobruk to Greece. On August 6 British submarine {{HMS|Thorn|N11|2}} attacked and missed {{SS|Rondine||2}}. On August 7 {{HMS|Thorn|N11|2}} attempted to attack steamer {{SS|Istria||2}} but missed and was counterattacked and sunk by {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Pegaso|1936|2}}. {{SS|Rondine||2}} was then unsuccessfully attacked on August 7 by another British submarine {{HMS|Proteus|N29|2}}.[41] Turbine was then brought back to Italy for maintenance and re-armament. Her anti-aircraft defenses were strengthened with the removal of the remaining 40 mm/39 pom-pom anti-aircraft guns and installation of extra 20mm/65 Breda anti-aircraft cannons bringing their total number to 7 (two in twin and 3 in single mounts). At the same time 2 depth charge throwers were installed. Following the defeat at El Alamein, and fall of Tripoli on January 23, 1943 and success of Operation Torch, Turbine was mostly involved in escort and anti-submarine operations in the Aegean for the remainder of the conflict. In German serviceAt the time of Italy's signing of Armistice of Cassibile on September 8, 1943 Turbine was in Piraeus and was ordered by the Italian Command in Greece to surrender the vessel to the Germans. The order was obeyed and Turbine was transferred to Kriegsmarine on September 9, 1943 with most of the crew opting to leave the destroyer and being then sent to POW camps in Germany and Poland as "italian military internees". Turbine was renamed TA14 and became a part of 9. Torpedobootsflottille operating in the Aegean. The ship also received a significant anti-aircraft protection upgrade, as 3 torpedo tubes were removed and several 37mm and 20mm anti-aircraft cannons were added instead. TA14 was officially commissioned into Kriegsmarine on October 28, 1943 and was used as an escort throughout her German service.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
Notes1. ^{{cite book|last=McMurtrie |first=Francis |title=Jane's Fighting Ships: 1937 |year=1937 |page=280 }} 2. ^{{cite web | title = La Regia Marina Tra le due Guerre Mondiali | author = Pier Paolo Ramoino | page=74 |url = http://www.marina.difesa.it/conosciamoci/editoria/marivista/Documents/2011/09_settembre/La_Regia_Marina.pdf | accessdate = 2017-12-18 }} 3. ^1 Destroyer Turbine 4. ^{{cite web | title = La Regia Marina Tra le due Guerre Mondiali | author = Pier Paolo Ramoino | page=75 |url = http://www.marina.difesa.it/conosciamoci/editoria/marivista/Documents/2011/09_settembre/La_Regia_Marina.pdf | accessdate = 2017-12-18 }} 5. ^{{cite web | title = La Regia Marina Tra le due Guerre Mondiali | author = Pier Paolo Ramoino | page=84 |url = http://www.marina.difesa.it/conosciamoci/editoria/marivista/Documents/2011/09_settembre/La_Regia_Marina.pdf | accessdate = 2017-12-18 }} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.aidmen.it/topic/884-il-blocco-navale-italiano-nella-guerra-di-spagn/ |title=Il Blocco Navale Italiano nella Guerra di Spagna (Agosto - Settembre 1937)|last=Mattesini |first=Francesco |access-date=January 2, 2018}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 2: France Falls, Britain Stands Alone |year=2011 |publisher= Bertke Publications |pages=306–307}} 8. ^Gustavsson, pp.41-42 9. ^Gustavsson, p.51 10. ^1 O'Hara, p.16 11. ^Chester Times, June 1927, 1940, p.1 12. ^1 2 Gustavsson, pp.95-96 13. ^1 Brown, pp. 38-39 14. ^1 2 Franco Prosperini in Storia Militare No. 208 (January 2011), pp.4-10. 15. ^1 2 3 Gustavsson, pp.111-112 16. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | title = 1940:L'estate degli "Swordfish", Part 2 | first=Franco |last=Prosperini | pages=18–20 |url = http://www.avia-it.com/act/rassegna_aeronautica/rassegna/Editoriali_luglio_2011/L'estate_degli_swordfish.pdf | accessdate = 2017-12-21 }} 17. ^1 Gustavsson, p.186 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | title = 1940:L'estate degli "Swordfish", Part 2 | first=Franco |last=Prosperini | pages=26–30 |url = http://www.avia-it.com/act/rassegna_aeronautica/rassegna/Editoriali_luglio_2011/L'estate_degli_swordfish.pdf | accessdate = 2017-12-21 }} 19. ^1 2 Attack on Benghazi harbor 20. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |pages=290–291}} 21. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |pages=291–292}} 22. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=349}} 23. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |pages=412–413}} 24. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=414}} 25. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=416}} 26. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=495}} 27. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |pages=499}} 28. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |pages=500}} 29. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=66}} 30. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |pages=127–128}} 31. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=186}} 32. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=381}} 33. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies |year=2012 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=382}} 34. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 5: Air Raid Pearl Harbor. This Is Not a Drill |year=2013 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=54}} 35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.prevato.it/giornalenautico/07.php |title=Motonave "Calitea"|last=Prevato |first=Franco |access-date=February 9, 2018}} 36. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance |year=2013 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=56}} 37. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance |year=2013 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=152}} 38. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance |year=2013 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=263}} 39. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance |year=2013 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=376}} 40. ^*{{cite book|last=Giorgerini |first=Giorgio |title=La Guerra Italiana sul Mare: La Marina tra Vittoria e Sconfitta, 1940-1943|year=2001 |publisher=Mondadori |page=527 |isbn= 88-04-40581-3}} 41. ^{{cite book|last1=Bertke |first1=Donald |last2=Smith |first2=Gordon |last3=Kindell |first3=Don |title=World War II Sea War, Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance |year=2013 |publisher= Bertke Publications |page=481}} References
External links
7 : Turbine-class destroyers|World War II naval ships of Italy|World War II destroyers of Italy|1927 ships|Ships built by Cantieri navali Odero|Maritime incidents in September 1944|World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean |
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