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词条 2007 RCTV protests
释义

  1. Background

  2. Refusal to renew RCTV's license

     Shutdown 

  3. Demonstrations

  4. International reactions

  5. See also

  6. References

{{For|after the approval of the constitutional referendum|2007 Venezuelan protests}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2007 RCTV protests
| partof =
| image =
| caption = Venezuelans rally in support of RCTV.
| date = 19 May – June 2007
| place = {{flag|Venezuela}}
| coordinates =
| causes = *Venezuelan government's refusal to renew RCTV television license.
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 = *Venezuelan opposition
| side2 = Government of Venezuela
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| howmany1 = *Tens of thousands
  • Hundreds of journalists

| howmany2 = *Tens of thousands
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
}}

The RCTV protests were a series of protests in Venezuela that began in the middle of May 2007. The cause of the protests was the refusal by the government to renew the broadcasting license of Venezuela's oldest private television network, Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV), instead creating a new public service channel called TVes which began operations on 28 May, the same day RCTV's license expired. RCTV had Venezuela's largest viewing audience, with 10 million of the country's 26 million people viewing its shows and soap operas.[1]

Background

On 11 April 2002, supporters and opponents of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez clashed at the Miraflores Palace during a coup d'état attempt. According to BBC News, a sector of the Armed Forces asked for Chávez's resignation, holding him responsible for a massacre during the demonstrations.[2][3] Commander of the Army Lucas Rincón Romero reported in a nationwide broadcast that Chávez had resigned his presidency,[2] a charge Chávez would later deny. Chávez was taken to a military base while Fedecámaras president Pedro Carmona was appointed as the transitional President of Venezuela,[2] following mass protests and a general strike by his opponents.[4]

Carmona's first decree reversed the major social and economic policies that comprised Chávez's "Bolivarian Revolution", and dissolved both the National Assembly and the Venezuelan judiciary, while reverting the nation's name back to República de Venezuela.

Carmona's decrees were followed by pro-Chávez uprisings across Caracas. Responding to these disturbances, Venezuelan soldiers loyal to Chávez called for massive popular support for a counter-coup.[5] The military frustrated from not having received formal proof of Chavez's resignation withdrew their support of Carmona's presidency. Carmona's regime was toppled, and Chávez resumed his presidency on the night of Saturday 13 April 2002.

Over the following months, and again in the wake of the 2002-03 lock-out and general strike, Chávez stepped up his criticism of the country's private media companies, accusing them of having supported the coup. On his weekly television program Aló Presidente and in other forums, he regularly referred to the leading private media owners as "coup plotters", "fascists", and "the four horsemen of the apocalypse".[6] He reminded them that their concessions operated at the pleasure of the state and that if they "went too far", their concessions could be canceled at any time.[7]

An article from Reuters mentions the position of the Chávez government that the TV station, among others, "openly supported a coup against him in April 2002 and refused to show the massive mobilization of his supporters that turned the tide back in the president's favor."[8]

Refusal to renew RCTV's license

On 28 December 2006, President Chávez announced that the government would not renew RCTV's broadcast license which expired on 27 May 2007, thereby forcing the channel to cease operations on that day.[9] The Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia or TSJ)—controlled by Chávez allies[10]—ruled on 17 April that it is within the National Telecommunications Commission's power to decide on the issuing, renewal and revocation of broadcast licenses.[11]

The government maintained that the non-renewal is caused by RCTV's alleged support for the 2002 coup attempt. Bernardo Álvarez, the country's ambassador to the United States, described the licensing decision as a simple regulatory matter, which "was not made based on RCTV’s critical editorial stance against the government, nor was it directed at silencing criticism of the government." Explaining that Venezuela wished to adopt a more European model of public broadcasting, he wrote that 79 of 81 Venezuelan television stations, 706 of 709 radio broadcasters, and 118 newspapers remain in private hands, citing a 30 May 2007 op-ed published in the Los Angeles Times: "Radio, TV and newspapers remain uncensored, unfettered and unthreatened by the government. Most Venezuelan media are still staunchly anti-Chávez."[12]

On 17 May 2007, the government rejected a plea made by RCTV to stop the TV station's forced shutdown.[13]

Shutdown

{{Details|TVes}}

RCTV ended its final day of broadcasting with a rendition of the national anthem performed by network employees and on-air talent, followed by a shot of a pro-RCTV protest. The screen then faded to black. A few seconds later, a series of TVes idents appeared on Channel 2. At 12:20 a.m. AST (0420 UTC) on 28 May 2007, TVes began its programming airing a video recording with the national anthem, performed by a large choir clad in Venezuelan colours and full sized orchestra led by the famous young Venezuelan conductor Gustavo Dudamel. After some network promos, TVes switched to an auditorium, where station president Lil Rodríguez gave a speech to a crowd of Chávez supporters.

On 24 May, the Supreme Court ordered RCTV to stop broadcasting as soon as its license expired and approved the government's takeover of all of its equipment and stations, though it would review the station's appeal of the decision. Chávez announced plans to start broadcasting a public service channel, TVes, using the infrastructure that belonged to RCTV.[14] According to the ruling by the Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal of Justice, all RCTV broadcast equipment was to be temporarily controlled by TVes.[15] On 25 May, the Venezuelan government sent troops to RCTV installations to take control of their equipment.[18]

Demonstrations

Thousands of protesters marching both against and in support of the government's decision remained on the streets in Caracas. On 19 May 2007, 30,000 protesters gathered in Caracas protesting the government's decision two days earlier that rejected a plea made by RCTV to stop the TV station's forced shutdown. Other marches took place in Maracaibo and Valencia.[13] On 21 May 2007, hundreds of journalists and students marched in Caracas carrying a banner reading "S.O.S. Freedom of Expression."[13] A few days later, on 25 May 2007, university students from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, the Universidad Simón Bolívar and the Universidad Central de Venezuela protested against the government's intentions.[16][17] On 26 May, tens of thousands of protesters marched in support of RCTV to their headquarters.[18]

Thousands of protestors marched in the streets of Caracas on 27 May for and against RCTV. In the evening, demonstrations in front of Conatel, the National Telecommunications Commission, became violent, with protestors throwing rocks and bottles at police, who responded with tear gas and rubber bullets.[19] At least eleven police officers and one protestor from the incident at Conatel,[20][21] as well as three students and one police officer from a separate protest at Brión plaza in Caracas, have been reported injured.[22][23] Twenty other students at Brión plaza were treated for tear gas inhalation.[22][23]

In the afternoon and evening of 29 May, protests in Caracas and Chacao became violent, with protesters in Chacao blocking Avenida Francisco de Miranda. At least seventeen people have been reported by Globovision to be injured on 29 May.[24] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights petitioned the Venezuelan government for information about arrested and injured protestors; though the Venezuelan government did not provide the information, saying it would violate the confidentiality of adolescents involved.[25]

On 2 June, tens of thousands marched through Caracas to support President Chávez's decision.[26]

International reactions

Since the week prior to the shutdown of RCTV, many individuals, international organizations and NGOs—including the OAS's Secretary General José Miguel Insulza[27] and its Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression,[28] the Inter American Press Association,[29] Human Rights Watch,[30] and the Committee to Protect Journalists,[31]—have expressed concerns for freedom of the press following the shutdown.[32] However, Secretary Insulza also stated that it was up to the Venezuelan courts to solve this dispute[33] and that he believed that this was an administrative decision.[34]

The International Press Institute stated that it is "a flagrant attempt to silence the station's critical voice and in violation of everyone's right 'to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers,' as outlined in Article 19 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights"[35] The Committee to Protect Journalists "concluded [Chávez's] government failed to conduct a fair and transparent review of RCTV's concession renewal. The report, based on a three-month investigation, found the government’s decision was a predetermined and politically motivated effort to silence critical coverage."[36] Reporters Without Borders stated "The closure of RCTV [...] is a serious violation of freedom of expression and a major setback to democracy and pluralism. President Chávez has silenced Venezuela’s most popular TV station and the only national station to criticize him, and he has violated all legal norms by seizing RCTV’s broadcast equipment for the new public TV station that is replacing it."[37] Freedom House has given Venezuela a press freedom rating of "Not Free"[38] since 2002,[39] most recently describing a number of new laws, most particularly the 2004 Ley Resorte, that include prohibitions against broadcasting violent material between 5 a.m. and 11 p.m., targeting a group or individual for hatred, and insulting president Chávez, under penalty of severe fines and imprisonment.

The Senate of the United States approved a motion promoted by Senators Richard Lugar and Christopher Dodd condemning the closing, stating that the move was a "transgression of freedom of thought and expression" in Venezuela,[18][40]

while Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, asserted that it was an attempt to silence the critics of the Government.[41] The U.S. State Department,[42] the European Union,[43] the senates of Chile[43][44] and Brazil,[45] and the legislatures of a number of other Latin American countries have also expressed concern over the incident.

European Commission President José Manuel Durão Barroso qualified the measure as regrettable, adding that "freedom of expression and press freedom are substantial components of democracy."[46] Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez stated that any media closing was a deathly strike against any democratic system.[47] Chilean President Michelle Bachelet said she regrets the decision and that "freedom of expression is the golden rule."[44] Along with her, Finnish President Tarja Halonen said she was watching the situation with concern.[48] The Spanish Partido Popular, the main opposition party, called the closing an "attack against freedom of expression".[49]

After the Brazilian Senate passed a motion urging Chávez to reconsider the revocation of RCTV's license, Chávez "accused the Brazilian Congress of acting like a 'puppet' of the US", prompting Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to say "Chavez has to take care of Venezuela, I have to take care of Brazil and (US President George W.) Bush has to take care of the US".[50][51] Later, Lula da Silva said the decision of not renewing the broadcast license was internal Venezuelan business, adding that the legal logic of each country should be respected.[52]

Chávez said that presidents Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and Evo Morales of Bolivia have phoned to show support to his decision and that Álvaro Uribe from Colombia said that his country would not mess in Venezuela's internal affairs.[53] President Rafael Correa of Ecuador said that he would have canceled the broadcast license automatically (after the 2002 coup).[54]

In Nicaragua, followers of Hugo Chávez voiced their support of his closing of RCTV on 27 May in Managua. This small rally was met with negative reactions from local press, who condemned the involvement of the Venezuelan Ambassador Miguel Gómez.[55]

See also

  • Censorship in Venezuela
  • Media in Venezuela

References

1. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/05/29/venezuela.media/index.html | title = TV station chief: We are not afraid of Chavez | publisher = CNN News | date = 29 May 2007 | accessdate = 2007-05-30}}
2. ^1 2 Venezuela investiga el "Carmonazo". BBC News (5 October 2004). Retrieved 13 June 2006. {{es_icon}}
3. ^Interim Venezuelan president sworn in. BBC News. (13 April 2002). Retrieved on 31 August 2006.
4. ^[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/jan-june02/venezuela_4-12.html Upheaval in Venezuela.] PBS (12 April 2002). Retrieved on 29 October 2006.
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2007/chavez/newsid_6523000/6523537.stm#xq7|title=Abril 12-13 Renace respaldo a Chavez|accessdate=2007-06-22|publisher=BBC| date=2007-04-05|language=es}}
6. ^Venezuela's war of the airwaves, BBC News, 19 March 2004, accessed 2007-05-31.
7. ^"Lo juro por mis hijos... En el momento en que pasen la raya de la ley serán cerrados indefectiblemente." Aló Presidente, 9 November 2003, Program No. 171 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025448/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/docMgr/sharedfiles/Alo_Presidente_171.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }}.
8. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2933672520070529?pageNumber=2 Venezuela's Chavez widens attack on opposition media] Reuters (29 May 2007). Retrieved on 29 May 2007.
9. ^{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6215815.stm | title = Chavez to shut down opposition TV | publisher = BBC | date = 29 December 2006 | accessdate = 2007-05-27}}
10. ^Romero, Simon. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/world/americas/27venez.html Chávez’s Move Against Critic Highlights Shift in Media.] New York Times (27 May 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
* {{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/12/14/venezu9864.htm |title=Venezuela: Chávez Allies Pack Supreme Court |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=14 December 2004 |accessdate=2007-05-28 }}
* {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3675115.stm |title=Storm over Venezuela court reform |publisher=BBC News |date=30 April 2004 |accessdate=2007-05-27 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=axX4_r42mcaM&refer=latin_america |title=Chavez Pulls Plug on Venezuelan Television Network (Update4) |author=Kennedy, Alex |date=25 May 2007 |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=2007-05-27 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.petroleumworld.com/SF07050601.htm |title=Venezuela: Crowding out the opposition |author=Corrales, Javier and Michael Penfold |publisher=Petroleum World |date=6 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916192754/http://www.petroleumworld.com/SF07050601.htm |archivedate=16 September 2007 |df= }}
* {{cite web|author=Thorpe, Jacqueline |title=Chavez and Silva a study in contrasts: As news for Brazil keeps improving, Venezuela slides |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id=b933e559-6697-4d8a-a270-51b9a1e7be56&k=39793 |publisher=National Post, Canada |date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825131253/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id=b933e559-6697-4d8a-a270-51b9a1e7be56&k=39793 |archivedate=25 August 2012 |df= }}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/05/18/ap3737957.html|title=Venezuela Court Dismisses RCTV Challenge|accessdate=2007-05-18|publisher=Forbes|date=2007-05-18}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.embavenez-us.org/news.php?nid=3509|author=Alvarez Herrera, Bernardo |title= Ambassador Alvarez Response to Speaker Pelosi on RCTV Case |publisher = Embassy of Venezuela in the United States | date=2007-05-30 | accessdate = 2007-06-05}}
13. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37828 |title=Marches and Counter-Marches Over TV Station's End |accessdate=2007-05-28 |publisher=Inter Press Service News Agency |date=2007-05-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612203557/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37828 |archivedate=12 June 2007 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/05/23/venezuela.tv.ap/index.html|title= Court: Venezuelan TV station must stop broadcasting|accessdate=2007-05-24|publisher=Associated Press|date=2007-05-24 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070526151532/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/05/23/venezuela.tv.ap/index.html |archivedate = 2007-05-26}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/26/en_pol_art_tsj-orders-rctv-to-h_26A874677.shtml |title=TSJ orders RCTV to hand over its broadcast infrastructure |accessdate=2007-05-30 |publisher=El Universal |date=2007-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525130403/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/26/en_pol_art_tsj-orders-rctv-to-h_26A874677.shtml |archivedate=25 May 2011 |df= }}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://politica.eluniversal.com/2007/05/25/rctv_ava_estudiantes-de-la-uc_25A874209.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527074433/http://politica.eluniversal.com/2007/05/25/rctv_ava_estudiantes-de-la-uc_25A874209.shtml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-05-27 |title=Estudiantes de la UCAB y la USB protestan en apoyo a RCTV |accessdate=2007-05-28 |publisher=El Universal |date=2007-05-25 |language=Spanish }}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://politica.eluniversal.com/2007/05/25/rctv_ava_ucevistas-protestaro_25A874355.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831010331/http://politica.eluniversal.com/2007/05/25/rctv_ava_ucevistas-protestaro_25A874355.shtml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-08-31 |title=Ucevistas protestaron en la autopista Francisco Fajardo cierre de RCTV |accessdate=2007-05-28 |publisher=El Universal |date=2007-05-25 |language=Spanish }}
18. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Ellsworth|first1=Brian|title=Venezuelans march against closure of TV station|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/05/26/us-venezuela-television-march-idUSN2621739620070526|accessdate=29 March 2015|agency=Reuters|date=26 May 2007}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/28/world/americas/28venez.html|title=Venezuela Police Repel Protests Over TV Network’s Closing |accessdate=2007-05-28|publisher=The New York Times| first=Simon | last=Romero | date=2007-05-28}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.abn.info.ve/go_news5.php?articulo=93255&lee=1|title=Heridos 11 efectivos policiales en disturbios de la oposición frente a Conatel|accessdate=2007-05-28|publisher=OregonLive|date=2007-05-28|language=Spanish |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071010161041/http://www.abn.info.ve/go_news5.php?articulo=93255&lee=1 |archivedate = 2007-10-10}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.laprensagrafica.com/mundo/789399.asp|title=Heridos en protestas por callar RCTV|accessdate=2007-05-28|publisher=La Prensa Grafica|date=2007-05-28|language=Spanish |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182451/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/mundo/789399.asp |archivedate = 2007-09-27}}
22. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/noticias/nacional/index.ssf?/base/spanish-119/1180380295268460.xml&storylist=nacional|title=Heridos en protestas por cierre de RCTV en Venezuela|accessdate=2007-05-28|publisher=OregonLive|date=2007-05-28|language=Spanish}}
23. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6666824,00.html|title=Venezuelans Protest As TV Station Shuts|accessdate=2007-05-28|publisher=The Guardian|date=2007-05-29 | location=London}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFgRYY7PXH4|title=Globovisión golpistpretende fabricar un nuevo Puente Llaguno|accessdate=2007-05-30|publisher=YouTube|date=2007-05-29|language=Spanish}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/06/04/en_pol_art_ombudsman:-iachr-pet_04A879455.shtml |title=Ombudsman: IACHR petition of information about prisoners violates confidentiality |publisher=El Universal (Caracas) |date=4 June 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525130454/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/06/04/en_pol_art_ombudsman%3A-iachr-pet_04A879455.shtml |archivedate=25 May 2011 |df= }}
26. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6715000/6715249.stm|title=RCTV: el turno del gobierno |accessdate=2007-06-02|publisher=BBC| date=2007-06-02|language=es}}
27. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.oas.org/OASpage/press_releases/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001/07 | publisher = Organization of American States | title = Secretary General expresses concern over decision not to renew broadcasting license of Venezuelan television station | date = 5 January 2007 | accessdate = 2007-05-28}}
28. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.cidh.oas.org/relatoria/showarticle.asp?artID=688&lID=1 | title = Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression expresses concern over the situation of RCTV in Venezuela | publisher = Organization of American States | date = 31 December 2006 | accessdate = 2007-05-28}}
29. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.sipiapa.com/pressreleases/srchcountrydetail.cfm?PressReleaseID=1828 |title=IAPA assails Venezuela's Chávez over non-renewal of TV station license |publisher=Inter American Press Association |date=29 December 2006 |accessdate=2007-05-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061613/http://www.sipiapa.com/pressreleases/srchcountrydetail.cfm?PressReleaseID=1828 |archivedate=28 September 2007 |df= }}
30. ^{{cite web | url = http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/05/22/venezu15986.htm | title = Venezuela: TV Shutdown Harms Free Expression | publisher = Human Rights Watch | date = 22 May 2007 | accessdate = 2007-05-28}}
31. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/americas/ven12jan07na.html |title = ‘Lack of transparency’ in Venezuelan broadcast case | publisher = Committee to Protect Journalists | date = 12 January 2007 | accessdate = 2007-05-28}}
32. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/82816 | title = Non-renewal of RCTV license a threat to media pluralism, will cost 2,000 their jobs, says IFJ |publisher = International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX) | date = 24 April 2007 | accessdate = 2007-05-27}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/18/en_pol_art_insulza:-rctv-case-w_18A870835.shtml |title=Insulza: RCTV case will be solved by Venezuelan courts |accessdate=2007-06-17 |publisher=El Universal |date=2007-05-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901111430/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/18/en_pol_art_insulza%3A-rctv-case-w_18A870835.shtml |archivedate=1 September 2007 |df= }}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/06/11/en_pol_art_insulza-hopes-venezu_11A883121.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130122060100/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/06/11/en_pol_art_insulza-hopes-venezu_11A883121.shtml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-22 |title=Insulza hopes Venezuela "to continue to be democratic" |accessdate=2007-06-17 |publisher=El Universal |date=2007-06-11 }}
35. ^IPI condemns shutdown of RCTV television station in Venezuela {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617073637/http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1180432968135 |date=17 June 2007 }} International Press Institute Accessed 29 May 2007.
36. ^Joel Simon, Executive Director CPJ urges Chávez to allow RCTV to stay on the air {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605001156/http://www.cpj.org/protests/07ltrs/americas/ven24may07pl.html |date=5 June 2007 }} Committee to Protect Journalists Accessed 29 May 2007.
37. ^International community urged to rally to defense of Venezuela’s media after RCTV’s closure {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808005430/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22326 |date=8 August 2007 }} Reporters Without Borders Accessed 29 May 2007.
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2006|title=Map of Press Freedom|publisher=Freedom House|year= 2006|accessdate=2007-05-31}}
39. ^{{cite web|author=Karlekar, Karin Deutsch |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=131&year=2003&essay=5|title=Press freedom in 2002|publisher=Freedom House|accessdate=2007-06-05}}
40. ^US Senate in full passes resolution against non-renewal of RCTV license {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225104348/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/25/en_pol_art_us-senate-in-full-pa_25A874389.shtml |date=25 December 2007 }}, El Universal, 25 May 2007; accessed 2007-05-30
41. ^{{cite press release|url=http://caracas.usembassy.gov/news_en.asp?news=114 |title=Pelosi Statement on Suppression of Media in Venezuela |publisher=U.S. Embassy Caracas |date=31 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701220243/http://caracas.usembassy.gov/news_en.asp?news=114 |archivedate=1 July 2007 |df= }}
42. ^[https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2007/may/85568.htm Daily Press Briefing] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602172902/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2007/may/85568.htm |date=2 June 2007 }}, U.S. State Dept., 29 May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
43. ^1 Chavez Threatens Last Opposition Network, CBS News, 30 May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-30
44. ^1 Michelle Bachelet champions freedom of expression {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225104353/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/29/en_pol_art_michelle-bachelet-ch_29A876861.shtml |date=25 December 2007 }} El Universal, 29 May 2007. Retrieved on 30 May 2007.
45. ^{{cite web | author = Lages, Christine | url = http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mat/2007/05/31/295977710.asp | title = Senado brasileiro envia apelo ao governo venezuelano | publisher = O Globo | date = 31 May 2007 |accessdate = 2007-06-05|language=pt}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/29/en_pol_art_ec-chair-laments-non_29A877145.shtml |title=EC Chair laments non-renewal of broadcast license |publisher=El Universal (Caracas) |date=29 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525130447/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/29/en_pol_art_ec-chair-laments-non_29A877145.shtml |archivedate=25 May 2011 |df= }}
47. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.casapres.go.cr/ | title = Mandatario lamenta cierre de RCTV | publisher = President of Costa Rica | date = 29 May 2007 | accessdate = 2007-06-04}} {{es_icon}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-1773--12-12--.html |title=Chile defends freedom of expression in Venezuela TV row |publisher=Caribbean Net News |date=30 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703162210/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-1773--12-12--.html |archivedate=3 July 2007 |df= }}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/?cat=16 |title=El PP español habla sobre el cierre de RCTV |publisher=Noticias24 |date=30 May 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624125601/http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/?cat=16 |archivedate=24 June 2007 |df= }} {{es_icon}}
50. ^{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6718155.stm | title = Lula calls for ethanol investment | publisher = BBC News | date = 4 June 2007 | accessdate = 2007-06-04}}
51. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.correiomanha.pt/noticia.asp?id=244924&idselect=91&idCanal=91&p=200|title=Chávez que cuide da Venezuela|accessdate=2007-06-06|publisher=Correio da manhã|date=2007-06-03 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071205213635/http://www.correiomanha.pt/noticia.asp?id=244924&idselect=91&idCanal=91&p=200 |archivedate = 2007-12-05|language=pt}}
52. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6720000/6720081.stm|title=Lula: Chávez no es un peligro |accessdate=2007-06-04|publisher=BBC| date=2007-06-04|language=es}}
53. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.eldia.es/2007-06-04/venezuela/venezuela0.htm |title=Chávez defiende el cese de emisiones de RCTV y dice que no aceptará injerencias |accessdate=2007-06-17 |publisher=El Día |date=2007-06-04 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160428/http://www.eldia.es/2007-06-04/venezuela/venezuela0.htm |archivedate=30 September 2007 |df= }}
54. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2007/06/11/pol_art_correa-dispuesto-a-c_316109.shtml|title=Correa dispuesto a cancelar licencias|accessdate=2007-06-17|publisher=El Universal|date=2007-06-11|language=es}}
55. ^{{Cite web|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/27/en_pol_art_chavez-decision-on_27A875787.shtml |title=Chávez' decision on RCTV supported in Nicaragua |accessdate=2007-05-28 |publisher=El Universal |date=2007-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603150656/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/27/en_pol_art_chavez-decision-on_27A875787.shtml |archivedate=3 June 2007 |df= }}
{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}{{DEFAULTSORT:May 2007 Rctv Protests}}

5 : 2007 in Venezuela|Protests in Venezuela|RCTV|Media bias controversies|2007 protests
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