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词条 Iyad Rahwan
释义

  1. Biography

  2. Society-in-the-Loop

  3. Morality and Machines

      Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles    Moral Machine   Cooperating with Machines  

  4. AI and the Future of Work

  5. Other projects

      The Tag Challenge    The Nightmare Machine  

  6. References

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Iyad Rahwan
| native_name = إياد رهوان
| native_name_lang = lang-ar
| image = Iyad Rahwan (24346536449).jpg
| birth_date = 1978
| birth_place = Aleppo, Syria
| alma_mater = University of Melbourne
| doctoral_advisor = Liz Sonenberg
| academic_advisors =Alex Pentland
| website = https://rahwan.me/
| field = Computational Social Science, Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, Cognitive Science, Game Theory, Crowdsourcing,
| work_institution = MIT

}}Iyad Rahwan ({{lang-ar|إياد رهوان}}), is a Syrian-Australian scientist. He is an associate professor of Media Arts & Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, and is the director and principal investigator of its Scalable Cooperation group.[1] Rahwan's work lies at the intersection of the computer and social sciences, where he has investigated topics in computational social science, collective intelligence, large-scale cooperation, and the social aspects of artificial intelligence.[2]

Biography

Rahwan was born in Aleppo, Syria. He earned an Information Systems PhD in 2005 from the University of Melbourne. As an assistant and then associate professor in Computing and Information Science at MIT-partnered Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Rahwan investigated scalable social mobilization's possibilities, limits, and challenges in various contexts by analyzing data from the 2009 DARPA Network Challenge,[3][4] the DARPA Shredder Challenge 2011,[5][6] and the 2012 US State Department Tag Challenge.[7][8][9] In 2015, Rahwan started the Scalable Cooperation Group at the MIT Media Lab, where he is the AT&T Career Development Professor and an Associate Professor of Media Arts & Sciences,[10] as well as an affiliate faculty at the MIT Institute of Data, Systems and Society.[11]

Society-in-the-Loop

Rahwan coined the term [https://medium.com/mit-media-lab/society-in-the-loop-54ffd71cd802 Society-in-the-loop] as a conceptual extension of Human-in-the-Loop systems.[12][13] Whereas HITL systems embed an individual's judgement into a narrowly defined control system, SITL is more about embedding the judgement of society as a whole in to system. He cites an AI that controls billions of self driving cars (and decides who is worth saving in certain cases), or a news filtering algorithm with the potential to influence the ideology of millions of citizens (that decides what content the users shall see). Rahwan highlights the importance of articulating ethics and social contracts in ways that machines can understand, towards building new governance algorithms.[14]

Morality and Machines

Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles

Rahwan is one of the first to consider the problem of self autonomous vehicles as an ethical dilemma. His 2016 paper, The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles, showed that people approved of utilitarian autonomous vehicles, and wanted others to purchase these vehicles, but they themselves would prefer to ride in an autonomous vehicle that protected its passenger at all costs, and would not use self-driving vehicles if utilitarianism was imposed on them by law. Thus the paper concludes the regulation of utilitarian algorithms could paradoxically increase casualties by driving by inadvertently postponing the adoption of a safer technology.[15] The paper spurred lots of coverage about the role of ethics in the creation of artificially intelligent driving systems.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

Moral Machine

Moral Machine[23] is an online platform that generates ethical dilemma scenarios faced by hypothetical autonomous machines, allowing visitors to assess the scenarios and vote on the most morally acceptable between two unavoidable harm outcomes. The presented scenarios are often variations of the trolley problem[24][25][26]. As of December 2017, the platform has collected 40 million decisions from millions of visitors from 233 countries and territories. Analysis of the data showed broad differences in relative preferences among different countries, and correlations between these preferences and various national metrics [27].

Cooperating with Machines

Together with Jacob Crandall and others, Rahwan studied human-machine cooperation by exploring how state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms perform when playing repeated games against humans. The authors showed that providing a medium of communication can result in an algorithm learning to cooperate with its human partner faster and more effectively than a human in these strategic games.[28][29][30]

AI and the Future of Work

Together with his student Morgan Frank and collaborators, Rahwan explored the relationship between city size and the potential impact of Artificial Intelligence and automation on employment. They used a variety of estimates of the risk of automation of different jobs.[31][32] Their main finding is that smaller cities may experience greater impact due to automation.[33] Related work explores the polarization of the US labor market, due to the underlying polarized structure of workplace skills.

Other projects

The Tag Challenge

Rahwan led the winning team in the 2012 US State Department Tag Challenge, using crowdsourcing and a referral-incentivizing reward mechanism (similar to the one used in the 2009 DARPA Network Challenge) to locate individuals in European and American cities within 12 hours each, given only their photographic portraits.[34][35][36]

The Nightmare Machine

The Nightmare Machine,[37] developed under Rahwan's guidance, creates computer generated imagery powered by deep learning algorithms to learn from human feedback and generate a visual approximation of what humans might find "scary".[38][39]

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/scalable-cooperation/overview/|title=Group Overview ‹ Scalable Cooperation – MIT Media Lab|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tedxcambridge.com/speaker/iyad-rahwan/|title=Iyad Rahwan - TEDxCambridge|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/28341-social-media-helps-mobilize-society.html|title=How Social Media Mobilizes Society - LiveScience|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|title=A. Rutherford, M. Cebrian, S. Dsouza, E. Moro, A. Pentland, and I. Rahwan (2013). Limits of Social Mobilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110 no. 16 pp. 6281-6286|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=110|issue=16|pages=6281–6286|doi=10.1073/pnas.1216338110|pmid = 23576719|pmc=3631633|year=2013|last1=Rutherford|first1=A.|last2=Cebrian|first2=M.|last3=Dsouza|first3=S.|last4=Moro|first4=E.|last5=Pentland|first5=A.|last6=Rahwan|first6=I.}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nautil.us/issue/18/genius/how-crowdsourcing-turned-on-me|title=How Crowdsourcing Turned On Me - Nautilus|last=|first=|date=2014-10-23|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|title=N. Stefanovitch, A. Alshamsi, M. Cebrian, I. Rahwan (2014). Error and attack tolerance of collective problem solving: The DARPA Shredder Challenge. EPJ Data Science. vol 3, no 13, pages 1-27|journal=EPJ Data Science|volume=3|doi=10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0013-1|year=2014|last1=Stefanovitch|first1=Nicolas|last2=Alshamsi|first2=Aamena|last3=Cebrian|first3=Manuel|last4=Rahwan|first4=Iyad}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/crowdsourcing-in-manhunts-can-work-1.12867|title=Crowdsourcing in manhunts can work : Nature News & Comment|journal=Nature|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|doi=10.1038/nature.2013.12867|year=2013|last1=Ball|first1=Philip}}
8. ^{{Cite journal|title=A. Rutherford et al (2013). Targeted social mobilization in a global manhunt. PLOS ONE 8 (9): e74628|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=9|pages=e74628|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0074628|pmid=24098660|pmc = 3786994|year=2013|last1=Rutherford|first1=Alex|last2=Cebrian|first2=Manuel|last3=Rahwan|first3=Iyad|last4=Dsouza|first4=Sohan|last5=McInerney|first5=James|last6=Naroditskiy|first6=Victor|last7=Venanzi|first7=Matteo|last8=Jennings|first8=Nicholas R.|last9=Delara|first9=J. R.|last10=Wahlstedt|first10=Eero|last11=Miller|first11=Steven U.|bibcode=2013PLoSO...874628R|arxiv=1304.5097}}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rahwan|first=Iyad|last2=Dsouza|first2=Sohan|last3=Rutherford|first3=Alex|last4=Naroditskiy|first4=Victor|last5=McInerney|first5=James|last6=Venanzi|first6=Matteo|last7=Jennings|first7=Nicholas R.|last8=Cebrian|first8=Manuel|date=April 2013|title=Global Manhunt Pushes the Limits of Social Mobilization|journal=Computer|language=en-US|volume=46|issue=4|pages=68–75|doi=10.1109/mc.2012.295|issn=0018-9162}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/people/irahwan/overview/|title=Person Overview ‹ Iyad Rahwan – MIT Media Lab|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://idss.mit.edu/staff/iyad-rahwan/|title=Iyad Rahwan – IDSS|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://joi.ito.com/weblog/2016/06/23/society-in-the-.html|title=Society in the Loop Artificial Intelligence »|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rahwan|first=Iyad|date=2018-03-01|title=Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract|journal=Ethics and Information Technology|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.1007/s10676-017-9430-8|issn=1388-1957|arxiv=1707.07232}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/mit-media-lab/society-in-the-loop-54ffd71cd802|title=Society-in-the-loop|last=|first=|date=2016-08-12|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|title=J. F. Bonnefon, A. Shariff, I. Rahwan (2016). The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles. Science. 352(6293):1573-1576.|journal=Science|volume=352|issue=6293|pages=1573–1576|doi=10.1126/science.aaf2654|pmid = 27339987|year=2016|last1=Bonnefon|first1=J.-F.|last2=Shariff|first2=A.|last3=Rahwan|first3=I.|arxiv=1510.03346}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/the-ethics-of-self-driving-cars-what-would-you-do/|title=World Forum discuses how self-driving cars will make life or death decisions|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/24/technology/should-your-driverless-car-hit-a-pedestrian-to-save-your-life.html|title=Should Your Driverless Car Hit a Pedestrian to Save Your Life - The New York Times|date=2016-06-23|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Markoff|first1=John}}
18. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/06/opinion/sunday/whose-life-should-your-car-save.html|title=Whose Life Should Your Car Save? - The New York Times|date=2016-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Shariff|first1=Azim|last2=Rahwan|first2=Iyad|last3=Bonnefon|first3=Jean-François}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tedxcambridge.com/speaker/iyad-rahwan/|title=TedxCambridge: The social dilemma of driverless cars|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/06/23/save-the-driver-or-save-the-crowd-scientists-wonder-how-driverless-cars-will-choose/|title=Save the driver or save the crowd? Scientists wonder how driverless cars will 'choose' - The Washington Post|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/4378108/driverless-car-study/|title=Driverless Cars Pose Difficult Ethical Question - Time.com|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/driverless-cars-autonomous-vehicles-safety-accidents-a7097276.html|title=Driverless car safety revolution could be scuppered by moral dilemma - The Independent|last=|first=|date=2016-06-23|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://moralmachine.mit.edu|title=Moral Machine|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-autonomous-cars-ethics-20160623-snap-story.html|title=Ethical dilemma on four wheels: How to decide when your self-driving car should kill you - LA Times|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/e3b6b54f02d24375bb1d7ba2e7dd9446/For-driverless-cars,-a-moral-dilemma:-Who-lives-or-dies|title=For driverless cars, a moral dilemma: Who lives or dies? - Associated Press|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-autonomous-cars-ethics-20160623-snap-story.html|title=Ethical dilemma on four wheels: How to decide when your self-driving car should kill you|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
27. ^{{cite journal |last1=Awad |first1=Edmond |last2=Dsouza |first2=Sohan |last3=Kim |first3=Richard |last4=Schulz |first4=Jonathan |last5=Henrich |first5=Joseph |last6=Shariff |first6=Azim |last7=Bonnefon |first7=Jean-François |last8=Rahwan |first8=Iyad |title=The Moral Machine experiment |journal=Nature |date=24 October 2018 |volume=563 |issue=7729 |pages=59–64 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6 |pmid=30356211 }}
28. ^{{Cite journal|last=Crandall|first=Jacob W.|last2=Oudah|first2=Mayada|last3=Tennom|last4=Ishowo-Oloko|first4=Fatimah|last5=Abdallah|first5=Sherief|last6=Bonnefon|first6=Jean-François|last7=Cebrian|first7=Manuel|last8=Shariff|first8=Azim|last9=Goodrich|first9=Michael A.|date=2018-01-16|title=Cooperating with machines|journal=Nature Communications|language=En|volume=9|issue=1|pages=233|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02597-8|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5770455|pmid=29339817|arxiv=1703.06207|bibcode=2018NatCo...9..233C}}
29. ^{{Cite journal|title=Cooperating with Machines|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=233|pages=233|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|arxiv=1703.06207|last1 = Crandall|first1 = Jacob W|last2=Oudah|first2=Mayada|author3=Tennom|last4=Ishowo-Oloko|first4=Fatimah|last5=Abdallah|first5=Sherief|last6=Bonnefon|first6=Jean-François|last7=Cebrian|first7=Manuel|last8=Shariff|first8=Azim|last9=Goodrich|first9=Michael A|last10=Rahwan|first10=Iyad|year=2017|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02597-8|pmid=29339817|pmc=5770455|bibcode=2018NatCo...9..233C}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603995/ai-can-beat-us-at-pokernow-lets-see-if-it-can-work-with-us/|title=AI Can Beat Us at Poker—Now Let's See If It Can Work with Us - MIT Technology Review|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
31. ^{{Cite journal|title=OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers|language=en|doi=10.1787/1815199x|issn=1815-199X|series=OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers|year=2011|last1=Widmaier|first1=Sarah|last2=Dumont|first2=Jean-Christophe}}
32. ^{{Cite journal|last=Frey|first=Carl Benedikt|last2=Osborne|first2=Michael A.|date=January 2017|title=The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|volume=114|pages=254–280|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019|issn=0040-1625|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.416}}
33. ^{{Cite journal|last=Frank|first=Morgan R.|last2=Sun|first2=Lijun|last3=Cebrian|first3=Manuel|last4=Youn|first4=Hyejin|last5=Rahwan|first5=Iyad|date=2018-02-01|title=Small cities face greater impact from automation|url=http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/15/139/20170946|journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface|language=en|volume=15|issue=139|pages=20170946|doi=10.1098/rsif.2017.0946|issn=1742-5689|pmc=5832739|pmid=29436514}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/crowdsourcing-in-manhunts-can-work/|title=Crowdsourcing in Manhunts Can Work - Scientific American|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23427-nowhere-to-hide-the-next-manhunt-will-be-crowdsourced/|title=Nowhere to hide: The next manhunt will be crowdsourced - New Scientist|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
36. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21560977|title=Six degrees of mobilisation - The Economist|journal=The Economist|last=|first=|date=September 2012|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nightmare.mit.edu|title=THe Nightmare Machine|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/25/499334210/researchers-build-nightmare-machine|title=Researchers Build 'Nightmare Machine' : The Two-Way : NPR|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/10/24/clinton-trump-the-white-house-too-terrifyingly-transformed-by-mits-nightmare-machine/|title=Clinton, Trump, the White House too, terrifyingly transformed by MIT's 'Nightmare Machine' - The Washington Post|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahwan, Iyad}}

9 : 1978 births|Living people|People from Aleppo|People from Melbourne|Australian people of Syrian descent|Australian computer scientists|Syrian computer scientists|MIT Media Lab people|Australian expatriates in the United States
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