“Jacob and his twelve sons”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Jacob and his twelve sons is a series of thirteen paintings by Spanish artist Francisco de Zurbarán.

The series of life-size portraits was painted between 1641 and 1658.^[1] Twelve of the thirteen paintings are in Auckland Castle, Bishop Auckland, England, and one is in Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire.

The series traveled to the Americas for the first time in 2016, to be displayed at the Meadows Museum in Dallas, Texas, from 17 September 2017 until 7 January 2018, and then in New York City at the Frick Collection from 31 January until 22 April 2018.^[2]

Paintings

The depiction of Jacob and his sons in epic portraits in unusual for the era. More commonly, artists, including Ribera and Velázquez, included these men in narrative painting of Biblical episodes.^[3] According to art historian Jeannine Baticle, a series of Jacob and his sons survives in the possession of the Orden Tercera de San Francisco in Lima, Peru, which she describes as a "fairly close replica" of the Auckland Zurbarán series. An additional series, "a more distant and awkward imitation" by an imitator, is in the possession of the Academia de Bellas Artes in Puebla, Mexico.^[3]

History

It is not known how the paintings reached England, although some speculate that they may have been captured by English pirates while traveling from the painter's studio in Seville to a buyer in a Spanish colony in the Americas.^[3]

The series is first recorded in 1722 as part of the estate of one William Chapman.^[3] It was later owned by London Banker James Mendez, whose heirs sold twelve of the thirteen to Richard Trevor, Bishop of Durham in 1756 for £125. ^[4] Bishop Trevor, a political liberal and a backer of the Jewish Naturalization Act 1753, acquired the paintings, and redesigned and reconstructed the Long Dining Room at Auckland Palace, as a public statement of his support for Jewish naturalization rights.^[5] Although the Bill was quickly repealed, the paintings still hang in the Long Dining at Auckland.^[5]

The portrait of one of Jacob's sons, Benjamin, was sold separately to the Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven;^[3] it hangs in Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire.^[6] Bishop Trevor commissioned Arthur Pond to produce a copy painting of "Benjamin". It hangs, with Jacob and the other eleven sons, in the Castle's Long Dining Room, which Bishop Trevor rebuilt for the purpose of displaying the pictures.^[7]^[8]

21st century

In 2001 the Church Commissioners voted to sell the paintings, a decision that was revoked in 2011 following a donation of £15 million by investment manager and philanthropist Jonathan Ruffer; new arrangements placed the paintings, along with the castle, under the Auckland Castle Trust, making them available to the public after centuries during which they hung in a private home where they could be seen only by invited guests or by special arrangement with the Bishop's staff.^[9]^[10]^[11] ^[12]

References

1. ^Gállego, Julián; Gudiol, José (1987). Zurbarán. London: Alpine Fine Arts Collection, Ltd. pp. 353–354. {{ISBN|0-88168-115-6}}.
2. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Mark|title=Zurbarán masterpieces to leave UK for US for the first time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/31/zurbaran-masterpieces-leave-uk-united-states-first-time-auckland-castle|accessdate=31 July 2016|publisher=The Guardian|date=31 July 2016}}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|last1=Baticle|first1=Jeannine|title=Zurbarán|date=1987|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=0870995022|page=208}}
4. ^www.thebowesmuseum.org.uk
5. ^¹{{cite news|last1=Appelbaum|first1=Diana Muir|title=Jacob's Sons in the Bishop's Palace|url=http://www.jewishideasdaily.com/5364/features/jacobs-sons/|accessdate=1 August 2016|publisher=Jewish Ideas Daily|date=14 November 2012}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Roderick|title=Master of Light Leaps From the Shadows|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/arts/international/master-of-light-leaps-from-the-shadows.html?_r=0|accessdate=1 August 2016|publisher=New York Times|date=23 October 2013}}
7. ^{{cite news |title=London should keep its hands off the treasures of the north |publisher=The Guardian |date=2005-10-07 |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1586992,00.html |accessdate=2007-08-21 |first=Simon |last=Jenkins |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824205112/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0%2C%2C1586992%2C00.html |archivedate=24 August 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}
8. ^{{cite news | title = Bid to keep castle paintings in N-E | publisher = The Northern Echo | date = 2001-05-14 | url = http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2001/5/14/171061.html | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092203/http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2001/5/14/171061.html| archivedate= 29 September 2007 | deadurl= no}}
9. ^{{cite press release | title = Church Commissioners vote to keep the Zurbaráns | publisher = Church of England | date = 2005-09-29 | url = http://www.cofe.anglican.org/news/pr7005.html | accessdate = 2009-08-30}}
10. ^Jonathan Garnier Ruffer bio at Debrett's People of Today {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426002916/http://www.debretts.com/people-of-today/profile/3229/Jonathan-Garnier-RUFFER |date=2015-04-26 }}
11. ^www.ft.com
12. ^{{cite press release | title = Francisco Zurbarán paintings saved by £15m donation | publisher = BBC | date = 2011-03-31 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-12913686 | accessdate = 2011-03-31}}

Paintings

History

21st century

References

External links