| 词条 | Jahriyya revolt |
| 释义 |
|conflict= Jahriyya revolt (1781) or Salar revolt[1] |partof= |image= |caption= |date= 1781[2][3][4][5][6] |place= Qinghai, Gansu |casus= |territory= |result= Qing victory |combatant1= Qing Empire, Khafiya (Khufiyya) Sufi Muslims |combatant2= Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslims |commander1= Heshen, Agui, Fuk'anggan, Li Shiyao |commander2= Ma Mingxin, Su Sishisan[7] |strength1= Loyalist Khufiyya Sufi Muslim and Gedimu Muslim Hui troops, Han Green Standard Army, Tibetans, Manchu Mongol and Han Eight Banners. |strength2= Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Hui, Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Salars,[8] Santa people, Han Chinese rebels[9]{{rp|21}}, 3,000 from Xunhua[10] |casualties1= |casualties2= |notes= }}{{Islam and China|history}} In the Jahriyya revolt of 1781 sectarian violence between two suborders of the Naqshbandi Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to Qing intervention to stop the fighting between the two, which in turn led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the Qing dynasty in China crushed with the help of the Khufiyya (Khafiyya) Sufi Muslims.[11][12] Due to street fighting and lawsuits between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya Sufi orders, Ma Mingxin was arrested to stop the sectarian violence between the Sufis.[13] The Jahriyya then tried to violently jailbreak Ma Mingxin which lead to his execution and the crushing of the Jahriyya rebels. The Qing used Xinjiang as a place to put deported Jahriyya rebels.[14] The Khufiyya Sufis and Gedimu joined together against the Jahriyya Sufis whom they fiercely opposed and differed from in practices.[9]{{rp|19-20}} Salar Jahriyyas were among those deported to Xinjiang.[15] Some Han Chinese joined and fought alongside the Jahriyya Salar Muslim rebels in their revolt.[9]{{rp|21}} Muslim loyalists fought for the Qing.[16] Jahriyya followers were also deported to Guizhou and Yunnan.[17] The Jahriyya were labelled as the "New Teaching".[18] Corruption and embezzlement by officials was suggested as a contributing factor to the violence.[19] The Dungan Revolt (1895–96) broke out in the same place as the Jahriyya revolt for very similar reasons, sectarian violence[20] and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve.[21] Ma Mingxin's descendant was Ma Yuanzhang.[22]References1. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|pages=122}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Matthew S. Erie|title=China and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSP-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=1781%20jahriyya&f=false|date=September 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05337-3|pages=52}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Glauco D'Agostino|title=La lunga marcia dell'Islam politico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=838qAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=1781%20jahriyya&f=false|date=2013-10-14|publisher=Gangemi Editore Spa|isbn=978-88-492-7725-8|pages=46}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=1781+jahriyya&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIVTAI|year=1975|publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois|pages=227}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Dru C. Gladney|title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkJwAAAAMAAJ&q=1781+jahriyya&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIWTAJ|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University|isbn=978-0-674-59495-1|pages=50}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=101}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=102}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=108}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Arienne M. Dwyer|title=Salar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04091-4}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=1781+jahriyya&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEISjAG|year=1987|pages=41}} 11. ^{{cite book|author1=Jonathan N. Lipman|author2=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|author3=Stevan Harrell|title=Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShGfcJiA-oAC&pg=PA76&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=1781%20jahriyya&f=false|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0113-2|pages=76}} 12. ^Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, pp. 293-294. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents. 13. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=107}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sddAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=1781+jahriyya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_u8OMttHaAhWSd98KHTb-A3gQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=1781%20jahriyya&f=false|date=16 December 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-80940-8|pages=123}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Arienne M. Dwyer|title=Salar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04091-4|pages=21}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=130}} 17. ^{{cite book|author1=Karen G. Turner|author2=James V. Feinerman|author3=R. Kent Guy|title=The Limits of the Rule of Law in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_kUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=one+hundred+banished+ili+insalubrious+southern&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMjLG7udHaAhVESN8KHYK3BjYQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=one%20hundred%20banished%20ili%20insalubrious%20southern&f=false|date=1 May 2015|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80389-0|pages=123}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=178}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=96}} 20. ^Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 298. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents. 21. ^Lipman, Jonathan N. “Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu.” Modern China, vol. 10, no. 3, 1984, p. 299. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017?seq=15#page_scan_tab_contents. 22. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan N. Lipman|title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 July 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=179}} See also
7 : 18th-century rebellions|Rebellions in the Qing dynasty|1780s in China|History of Gansu|History of Qinghai|Conflicts in 1781|1781 in China |
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