| 词条 | James Ancil Shipton | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=James Ancil Shipton |image=111-SC-21399 - NARA - 55202498-cropped.jpg |caption= Brigadier general James A. Shipton in October 1918 |birth_date={{birth date|1867|03|10}} |death_date={{death date and age|1926|02|15|1867|03|10}} |birth_place=Ironton, Ohio, United States |death_place=Little Rock, Arkansas, United States |placeofburial=Mount Holly Cemetery, Little Rock, Arkansas |placeofburial_label=Place of Burial |allegiance={{flag|United States of America}} |branch={{army|United States}} |serviceyears=1892–1920 |rank= Brigadier General (posthumously) |commands=American Anti-Aircraft Service 55th Field Artillery Brigade |battles=Philippine-American War World War I |awards=Legion of Honour |spouse= Georgia L. Shipton (nee Lincoln) }} Brigadier General James Ancil Shipton (March 10, 1867 – February 15, 1926) was a senior United States Army officer. He served in the Philippine-American War and World War I, where he held various commands on the Western Front. Early lifeJames Ancil Shipton was born in Ironton, Ohio on March 10, 1867, and was raised on a farm.[1] Military serviceWorld War ICreation and command of the American Anti-Aircraft ServiceOn 26 July 1917, Brigadier General Shipton and two other officers, Captains Glenn Preston Anderson and George F. Humbert, departed for France with orders to "investigate the subject of antiaircraft defense as developed by the British and French at schools and at the front."[2] The party was soon tasked with the organization of the A.E.F.'s antiaircraft defenses, and the American Anti-Aircraft Service (A.A.S.) formed as a result. Shipton mainly concentrated his attention on logistical matters while Anderson and Humbert were heavily involved in the actual development of the service.[3] By late October 1917 the structure for the A.A.S. was created, and the cadre for its Anti-Aircraft Artillery School (A.A.A. School) was trained. Personnel began to fill in the empty positions within the service. Shipton became its first commander on October 10 and remained in this position until June 29, 1918. Colonel Jay P. Hopkins, a former A.A.A. School director whom worked closely with Shipton, replaced Shipton as commander.[4] In keeping in line with their primary objective to keep "enemy aeroplanes at a distance," the A.A.S. was assigned by the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the A.E.F. to protect a number of important military installations. Shipton installed his first anti-aircraft defense system at Is-sur-Tille to protect Ordnance Depot No. One.[8] Aerodromes initially received low priority in regards to receiving anti-aircraft defense systems. On June 8, 1918, GHQ approved a request to install air defense artillery at airfields that experienced aerial bombardment. These included Ourches, Colombey-les-Belles, and Orly airfields. Effective protection at these sites and all sites under the protection of the A.A.S., in general, was problematic for Shipton due to gun shortages and lack of trained personnel.[9] These problems persisted in the A.A.S. for the duration of the war following Shipton's transfer in June 1918. Nonetheless, the immediate post war era saw "the creation of a fledging organization manned by well-trained personnel" whose wartime efficiency was higher than French and British anti-aircraft gunners.[10] Commanding the 55th Field Artillery BrigadeShipton withdrew his brigade from the St. Mihiel offensive during the night of September 14. All the units came under enemy shell fire as they went through the town of Essey. Bivouacking at le Faux Bois Nauginsard at 5:00 o'clock the following morning, the men of the brigade found themselves in a swampy wilderness. It was here that dying and unserviceable draft animals were abandoned.[16] Relief of commandLater assignmentsPromotions
Retirement and later life{{Empty section|date=August 2018}}Personal lifeFamilyRelationship with Theodore Roosevelt Jr.Notes1. ^Davis, 1998, p. 331. 2. ^Kirkpatrick, 1984, p. 17. 3. ^Kirkpatrick, 1984, p. 17-9. 4. ^Kirkpatrick, 1984, p. 40. 5. ^Kirkpatrick, 1984, p. 64. 6. ^Kirkpatrick, 1984, p. 81-2. 7. ^Kirkpatrick, 1984, p. 87. 8. ^Kirkpatrick, 1984, p. 89-90. 9. ^Kreis, 1988, p. 15. 10. ^Hamilton, 1984, p. 25-6. 11. ^Bacon, 1920, p. 18. 12. ^1 Wright, 2004, p. 25. 13. ^Bacon, 1920, p. 20. 14. ^English, 1920, p. 97. 15. ^Bacon, 1920, p. 23. 16. ^Bacon, 1920, p. 22. 17. ^1 2 3 4 5 Cullum, 1984, p. 623. References
6 : United States Army generals|United States Army generals of World War I|1867 births|1926 deaths|American military personnel of the Philippine–American War|People from Ironton, Ohio |
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