| 词条 | James Dinwiddie (astronomer) |
| 释义 |
James Dinwiddie (8 December 1746, Dumfries - 19 March 1815, Pentonville) was a Scottish physicist, astronomer, inventor and natural philosopher. He was an early example of a science popularizer, giving tours and experimental demonstrations across England and Ireland. He travelled and resided in Calcutta, India and travelled to China along with Lord Macartney as part of the Macartney Embassy to lecture on physics and promote British astronomical techniques. Life and workJames Dinwiddie was born on 8 December 1746 in Tinwald near Dumfries where his parents John Dinwoody and Catharine Riddick were farmers. One of five children he was born shortly after the death of his father. James worked on the farm and gained an interest in mechanical devices building a wooden clock even as a young boy. He was sent to school at the Dumfries academy where he studied mathematics and languages and continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh. The family hoped he would join the church but he took an interest in science. After his studies he spent some time as a teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy (physics mostly). Around this period he took a special interest in surveying and navigation. In February 1778 he received a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh and he was invited to teach at Ayr by Professor Dugald Stewart. In his lectures he demonstrated experiments, instruments and emphasised the use of mathematical principles involved in physical laws and gave examples to support his view:[1] {{quote|..When Dr. Black pointed out a variety of double exchanges, and arranged them in a convenient order, he was only a natural historian; but when he came to investigate the immediate cause, and assert the nature of the power which produces the double exchange, he was obliged to employ the property of number and figure. In short, gentlemen, without a moderate share of mathematical knowledge, you can expect only a schoolboy's acquaintance with natural philosophy, resembling those religionists who take up their authority on the opinion of their priests, and neither can give a reason for what they think they believe, nor apply it to any good purpose in life....}}Dinwiddie however fared badly economically and earned little. For some time he taught geography. When Charles Spalding, the inventor of a diving bell and fellow experimenter, was killed in 1783 in an underwater operation, Dinwiddie attempted to examine the cause of the accident. When Jean-Pierre Blanchard and others began to make ballooning popular in Europe, Dinwiddie also attempted to make one. He used a technique to make silk airtight and ballooned from Bristol to Waterford while forgetting to pay his rent back in Dublin and nearly losing all his equipment which were to be sold off by the owner. He received an honorary Doctor of Law degree in 1792 from the University of Edinburgh and he was invited to join the embassy of Lord Macartney to China in 1792-93 where he was to demonstrate science and especially astronomy, a diving bell and a balloon for the Chinese emperor. He was initially designated as "Machinist to the Embassy" and later as "Astronomer". The astronomical instruments however failed to impress the Chinese unlike a German made planetarium device known as the Weltmaschine designed by Philipp Matthäus Hahn.[1] On return from China he met Sir John Shore, the governor of Calcutta. Dinwiddie stayed on in Calcutta and continued his researches. In 1795 he gathered subscriptions to lecture to nearly 180 ladies and gentlemen in Calcutta and raised rupees 100 for it. Some of the surveying instruments carried by Dinwiddie to China such as the chain were then sold in Calcutta and used by William Lambton in his initial surveys[2] in southern India. In August 1795 Dinwiddie was appointed to assist the Board of Trade on matters of science for a pay of 500 rupees a month for a year but this was not extended.[3] He also constructed a voltaic pile with which he "treated" patients with palsy and rheumatism with electric shocks. Meanwhile Dinwiddie was appointed as professor of natural philosophy at the Fort William College in 1801. He also conducted public as well as private lectures and demonstrations for Europeans and some of the Indian elite. He trained the Indian students Hurry Mohun Thakoor and Gopee Mohun Deb in astronomy in 1795. His students included the surveyor James Rennell. Dinwiddie advised the East India Company, prepared the chemists kit carried by Francis Buchanan for his survey of Mysore and manufactured nitrous acid for use in the hospital at Calcutta. Dinwiddie was also in correspondence with Joseph Hume who was his agent in London. In 1796 he visited Madras where he met the Governor, Lord Hobart.[4][5] He was elected to the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Dinwiddie left India in September 1806 and returned to England. He settled in London where he put together a collection of curiosities from India, China and Java. His hearing and health declined but he continued to pursue his researches, attending the lectures of others. In July 1810 he was elected to the Royal Institution and was made a member of the Committee of Mathematics, Mechanics, and Mechanical inventions.[6] References1. ^{{Cite journal|title=Instruments and Cargo in the China Trade| author= Schaffer, S.| journal= History of Science| volume=44| pages=217–245|bibcode=2006HisSc..44..217S}} 2. ^{{cite journal|author=Lambton, Brigade Major|year=1803|title=An account of a method for extending a geographical survey across the peninsula of India|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29423825|journal=Asiatic Researches|volume=7|pages=312–335}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.174672/2015.174672.Indian-Records-Series-Fort-William-India-House-Correspondence--Vol-13#page/n340/mode/1up/search/Dinwiddie|title=Indian Records Series Fort William India House Correspondence. Volume 13. 1796-1800|publisher=National Archives of India|year=1959|editor=Bhargava, K.D.|place=Delhi|page=288}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Circulation of Knowledge Between Britain, India and China: The Early-Modern World to the Twentieth Century| publisher=Brill| year=2013|editor1=Lightman, Bernard|editor2=McOuat, Gordon| editor3=Stewart, Larry|chapter=Bungallee house set on fire by Galvanism|author=Nair, S.P.|pages=45–74}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lunney|first=Linde|date=1988|title=The Celebrated Mr. Dinwiddie: An Eighteenth-Century Scientist in Ireland|jstor=30070864|journal=Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an dá chultúr|volume=3|pages=69–83|doi=10.2307/30070864}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://www.archive.org/details/biographicalmem00dinwgoog|title=Biographical memoir of James Dinwiddie, LL.D., embracing some account of his travels in China and Residence in India|author=Proudfoot, William Jardine|publisher=Edward Howell|year=1868|place=Liverpool}} External links
3 : Scottish scientists|18th-century Scottish scientists|19th-century Scottish scientists |
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