| 词条 | James Monroe Whitfield |
| 释义 |
James Monroe Whitfield (c. April 10, 1822 - April 23, 1871) was an African American poet, abolitionist and political activist. Whitfield was a notable writer and activist in abolitionism and African emigration during the antebellum era. Early lifeWhitfield was born April 10 or 12, 1822, in Exeter, New Hampshire to Nancy (Paul) of Exeter and Joseph Whitfield, an escaped Virginian slave.[1] Through his mother, James was the nephew of Rev. Thomas Paul of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Meeting_House African Meeting House] in Boston, and Jude Hall, veteran of the Revolutionary War.[2] The small family home was on Whitfield's Lane, renamed Elliot Street in 1845. James Whitfield attended Exeter schools until age 9, when his father died suddenly.[3] His mother Nancy had died when James was 7, so James and his siblings were moved out of town, possibly by his sister.[4] The next records find him in 1839 living in Buffalo, New York, as a barber.[5] His grand-niece was Boston writer and playwright Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins. In her fiction novel of 1900, Contending Forces. she describes a scene at James' home in Exeter with his mother. A 2008 book by Lois Brown goes into detail.[6] Poetry and writingBesides running the shop, Whitfield would write in his free time, publishing his own papers by age 16.[7] Whitfield found success publishing poems related to abolitionism, many being printed in The Liberator and The North Star.[7] Whitfield's poems often expressed the oppression affecting African Americans, and moral corruption in politics and religion.[7] One of Whitfield's most famous poems was America, published in 1853. The poem embodies many of Whitfield's ideas about the hypocrisy of American freedom and democracy, and the difficult lives for both freed and enslaved Africans in the US.[8] Abolition and emigration movementsIn 1850, Whitfield encountered Frederick Douglass in a visit to his barber shop. From their discussion, Douglass became deeply impressed by Whitfield's poetic abilities and passion for abolition, commenting that his job as a barber was "painfully disheartening".[9] Beyond abolitionism, Whitfield became a prominent member of the Colonization Movement, a popular movement focused on African Americans returning to Africa and indigenous parts of the Americas.[9] Later, in 1858, Whitfield became involved in a proposal by Missouri Senator Frank P. Blair to establish a colony for Black colonization in Central America.[5] In 1859, Whitfield was sent out to look for land for the project; he would not return to the US until August 1862.[9] Later lifeWhen Whitfield returned, he largely retired from the emigration movement and moved his family to San Francisco, where he opened a barber shop.[10] On April 23, 1871, he died of heart disease in San Francisco. Whitfield, who was a past Grand Master for California in Prince Hall Freemasonry,[11] was interred at the Masonic Cemetery.[5] See also
References1. ^https://uncpress.flexpub.com/preview/the-works-of-james-m-whitfield 2. ^https://www.teachingthehudsonvalley.org/african-americans-at-new-windsor-private-jude-hall-2nd-new-hampshire-regiment/ 3. ^http://www.davidtdixon.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/FreedomEarned.pdf 4. ^{{cite web |last1=Rimkunas |first1=Barbara |title=James Monroe Whitfield: Abolitionist Poet |url=https://www.seacoastonline.com/news/20190328/historically-speaking-james-monroe-whitfield-abolitionist-poet |website=Exeter Newsletter |publisher=Seacoast Online Media |accessdate=29 March 2019}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://blackpast.org/aah/whitfield-james-monroe-1822-1871|title=Whitfield, James Monroe (1822-1871) {{!}} The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|website=blackpast.org|access-date=2018-11-28}} 6. ^https://www.questia.com/library/120077495/pauline-elizabeth-hopkins-black-daughter-of-the 7. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/james-monroe-whitfield|title=James Monroe Whitfield|last=Foundation|first=Poetry|date=2018-12-06|website=Poetry Foundation|access-date=2018-12-07}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/america-3|title=America by James Monroe Whitfield - Poems {{!}} Academy of American Poets|last=aapone|date=2008-08-06|website=America|access-date=2018-12-07}} 9. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Sherman|first=Joan R.|date=April 1972|title=James Monroe Whitfield, Poet and Emigrationist: A Voice of Protest and Despair|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F2717220|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=57|issue=2|pages=169–176|doi=10.2307/2717220|issn=0022-2992}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=EL18680221.2.10&srpos=24&e=-------en--20--21--txt-txIN-james+monroe+whitfield-------1|title=Elevator 21 February 1868 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=2018-11-28}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Ivy |title=The Works of James M. Whitfield |date=2011 |publisher=UNC Press |page=205}} External links
10 : 1822 births|1871 deaths|19th-century African-American activists|19th-century American poets|African-American abolitionists|Activists from New Hampshire|Poets from New Hampshire|Barbers|Writers from Buffalo, New York|Activists from Buffalo, New York |
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