| 词条 | James Robert Dennistoun |
| 释义 |
|honorific_prefix = |name = James Robert Dennistoun |honorific_suffix = |native_name = |native_name_lang = |image = |image_size = |alt = |caption = |birth_date ={{birth date|1883|3|7|df=y}} |death_date ={{Death date and age|1916|8|9|1883|3|7|df=y}} |birth_place =Peel Forest, New Zealand |death_place =Ohrdruf, Germany |placeofburial = |placeofburial_label = |placeofburial_coordinates = |nickname = |birth_name = |allegiance ={{flag|New Zealand|23px}} |branch = |serviceyears =1915–1916 |rank = Lieutenant |servicenumber = |unit = No. 23 Squadron RAF |commands = |battles_label = |awards = Polar Medal |spouse = |relations = |laterwork = |signature = |website = }} James Robert "Jim" Dennistoun (7 March 1883 - 9 August 1916) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and airman in the First World War. He is known in particular as the first person to climb to the top of Mitre Peak / Rahotu. Early lifeDennistoun was born the middle of the three children of Emily (née Russell, 1856-1937) and George James Dennistoun (1847-1921) who farmed at Peel Forest Station which is located near the settlement of Peel Forest near Geraldine on the South Island of New Zealand.[1] His siblings were older sister Barbara and younger brother George Hamilton Dennistoun (23 September 1884 - 16 June 1977). Dennistoun attended the Collegiate School in Whanganui and later from 1894 to 1901, Malvern College in England. After he left school, he took up sheep farming, while his younger brother George eventually went into the navy. He bought a farm at Hawea in April 1910 but ended up selling it in September 1910. He then bought another farm near Lumsden, in the South Island. Mountain climbingAttracted by the nearby mountains he became passionate about mountaineering, climbing Little Mount Peel at the age of 12, Big Mt Peel at the age of 14, Ben Nevis at 15, Ben Lomond at 16 and later a number of other of peaks in the Southern Alps including Mt Cook.[2] In 1908 he and 1905 All Black Eric Harper were the first to cross the 1899 m high pass in the Southern Alps that now bears his name.[3] In March 1910 with Jack Clarke and Lawrence Earle he made first ascent of the 2875 metre high Mount D'Archiac in the Southern Alps.[4][5] Mitre PeakUndoubtedly his most famous climb, was the first known ascent of Mitre Peak / Rahotu.[6] While only 1692 metre high the mountain rises almost sheer from Milford Sound and up until that time was considered to be unclimbable.[7] In 1911 Dennistoun walked in to Milford Sound from Lake Te Anau over Mackinnon Pass, and inquired among the track porters in the hope of finding someone to climb the peak with him. None of the porters had any climbing experience, but one of them, Joe Beaglehole (1875-1962), had read Scrambles among the Alps by noted climber Edward Whymper and was thus chosen by Dennistoun to accompany him.[8] During a sea voyage in the area with brother George in HMS Pioneer in 1909 Dennistoun had identified what he thought was a possible route but as he wasn't able to reconnoitre it he instead decided to take a route recommended by Donald Sutherland. Sunderland had in 1883 unsuccessfully attempted to climb the peak. After rowing across in a boat to the mouth of Sinbad Gully at the base of the peak they starting climbing at 7.30am on 13 March 1911.[9] Dennistoun and Beaglehole climbed via the south east-ridge through the bush until 300 metres short of the summit Beaglehole decided it was too difficult to continue and stopped. Dennistoun continued on alone up steep, smooth slabs of granite, to reach the summit at 1.15pm.[10] Descending back down Dennistoun rejoined Beaglehole and they continued with the descent. Unfortunately to avoid climbing back over the Footstool, they decided to descend straight into Sinbad Gully, which meant they had to resort to using a rope to lower themselves down bluffs. They eventually reached the valley floor in darkness, and it soon commenced to rain.[8] With no camping equipment, they had no choice but to continue on until they reached the boat at 9.45pm, cold, wet and exhausted.[10] They then rowed back across to spend the night at the hotel operated by Elizabeth Sunderland.[10] Dennistoun's claim to have reached the top was disputed by Donald Sutherland who had bluntly claimed that Mitre Peak could not be climbed. In 1914 Dennistoun's handkerchief was found in a small cairn on the top of the peak by Jack Murrell (1886-1918) and Edger Williams (1891-1983) when they completed the second ascent of the peak.[11] When J.H. Christie and G. Raymond completed the third ascent in 1941 they found remains of the handkerchief, as well as two halfpennies left by Murrell and Williams.[10] AntarcticaIn 1911 Lieutenant Harry Pennell of the Royal Navy visited Peel Forest station. He was assigned to the research vessel Terra Nova. After having transported the Terra Nova Expedition (1910-1913 ) under the command of British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott to Cape Evans on the Ross Island in the Antarctic, the ship was wintering over in New Zealand prior to returning with supplies for the expedition. Pennell mentioned that he wanted someone to take charge of the seven Himalayan mules donated by the Indian government which they would be carrying south to the expedition.[12][13] [14] The mules had arrived in September 1911 and were quarantined on Quail Island which is located 3 km from the port of Lyttelton. Pennell could offer no pay, but the adventure was enough to attract Dennistoun and he signed up. While some clothing was provided, Dennistoun had to supply much of his own. As well as caring for the mules Dennistoun was also responsible for 14 Siberian dogs being transported south.[15] The Terra Nova arrived at Cape Evans on 22 February 1912. After offloading the mules and other supplies Dennistoun returned to New Zealand arriving on 1 April 1912. Instead of being used on a second attempt on the Pole the mules were used later that year to pull the sledges of the search party for Scott. The mules struggled in the harsh environment and all were eventually put down. For his services to the expedition he received the Polar Medal in silver and the medal of the Royal Geographical Society.[16] Return to farmingHe returned to his farm near Lumsden but eventually sold it in April 1914. During an expedition in the Southern Alps in January1914 by Dennistoun, his brother George and Sydney King they discovered and named the 2065 metre high Terra Nova Pass which overlooks the Havelock and Godley Valleys.[17] In July 1914 he bought yet another farm, this time at Mangamahu, near Whanganui, but his business partner hadn't seen it. When he did eventually see it, he didn't like it. In a panic, Dennistoun tried to get out of the deal as he risked being declared bankrupt and to his relief, he was able to find other partners. World war IFollowing the outbreak of the First World War, Dennistoun travelled as a deckhand on a ship to England where he enlisted. By mid-May in 1915 he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant and had joined the North Irish Horse.[18] Arriving in France with his squadron in November, he was immediately promoted to lieutenant. At first he served as an intelligence officer but after a few months was seconded to the Royal Flying Corps, joining the newly-arrived No.23 Squadron as an observer. Another member of the squadron was Dennistoun’s cousin, pilot officer Herbert Bainbrigge (Herbie) Russell (1895-1963), and the pair were permitted to fly in the same plane.[18] Ten days later on 26 June 1916 Dennistoun was observer and bomb thrower in a FE2b biplane being piloted by his cousin, which departed with four other FE2bs on a bombing sortie against the Biache railway junction in Germany.[19] Their aircraft encountered engine problems and they returned to base only for their commanding officer to demand that they take another airplane and continue with the raid. That aircraft was fitted with no bomb racks or sights so there was little chance of hitting the target. Dennistoun was instead instructed to instead throw the bombs over the side by the commanding officer.[20] While flying alone they were attacked near Fampaux by three Fokker Eindeckers. While firing the rear gun Dennistoun was hit three times in the stomach and soon after the main fuel tank was hit and caught fire. Russell despite being shot in the shoulder was able to flatten the aircraft's dive out enough to crash landed near the German trenches, with both being thrown out by the impact with Russell severely burnt. They were captured. Dennistoun was taken to a hospital at nearby Hamblain where he had two operations and appeared to be on the way to recovery. One of the nurses, Lili Eidam, spoke English and wrote a letter dictated by Dennistoun to his mother.[21][18] The two airman were reunited at Biache and taken on 5 August to the hospital in the Ohrdruf prisoner of war camp in central Germany. On the 9 August Dennistoun's condition deteriorated and he had a third operation. He survived the operation but soon after rapidly declined and he died at 12.05pm the same day.[22] Russell survived his injuries, was repatriated to England in 1918 and later attained the rank of Air Vice-Marshal in the RAF. Dennistoun was first buried at Ohrdruf, before he was reburied after the war in the Niederzwehren Cemetery near Kassel.[23][18] LegacyDennistoun Glacier in Ross Dependency is named after Dennistoun,[24] as is New Zealand's 2,315 metre high Dennistoun Peak,[25] which is located close to the headwaters of the Godley and Havelock Rivers in the Southern Alps. Nearby Dennistoun Pass[26] and Dennistoun Glacier[27] also bear his name. St Stephen's Church in Peel Forest has a stained glass window donated by Dennistoun's mother, Emily in 1923. It commemorates Dennistoun and his father George. The face of St Michael is a portrait of Dennistoun and in the bottom pane is a small representation of Mitre Peak. In 1999, Guy Mannering of Geraldine, whose father, also named Guy, was a friend and climbing companion of Dennistoun, compiled and published The Peaks and Passes of JRD, using letters, diaries, photographs and notebook entries held by the Dennistoun family through three generations. Notes1. ^{{cite web |title= James Robert Dennistoun |publisher= Ancestry.com |date= |url= https://www.ancestry.com.au/genealogy/records/james-robert-dennistoun_104899697 |accessdate= February 23, 2018}} 2. ^Classen. Page 198. 3. ^{{cite web | title = Dennistoun Pass | publisher = Climb NZ | date = | url = http://climbnz.org.nz/nz/si/main-divide-of-the-southern-alps/dennistoun-pass | accessdate = February 20, 2018 }} 4. ^{{Cite web |last= John |first= Wilson |title= Story: Mountaineering Page 5 – Beyond the central Southern Alps |publisher= Te Ara - the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |date= February 2, 2017 |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/mountaineering/page-5 |access-date=16 October 2016}} 5. ^{{Cite web |last= John |first= Wilson |title= Story: Mountaineering Page 5 – Beyond the central Southern Alps |publisher= Te Ara - the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |date= February 2, 2017 |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/mountaineering/page-5 |access-date=16 October 2016}} 6. ^Classen. Page 199. 7. ^Classen. Page 199. 8. ^1 {{cite web |last= Hegg |first= Danilo |title= Mitre Peak / Rahotu, 1683m |publisher= Tramping and Climbing in Aotearoa |date= April 25, 2015 |url= https://southernalps.wordpress.com/2010/04/25/mitre-peak-m1683/ |accessdate= February 21, 2018}} 9. ^{{Citation | title = First ascents and explorations in the Te Anau – Milford District |journal= The New Zealand Alpine Journal |volume= IV |issue= 18 |pages = 150 | publisher = New Zealand Alpine Club |location= Berlin |date= |year= 1931}} 10. ^1 2 3 Hall-Jones, page 167. 11. ^Ede, page 26. 12. ^Huxley: Scott's Last Expedition, Vol. I. 1914, [https://archive.org/stream/scottslastexpedi01scotuoft#page/n27/mode/2up/ S. xxii.] 13. ^Huxley: Scott's Last Expedition, Vol. II. 1914, [https://archive.org/stream/scottslastexpedi02scotuoft#page/372/mode/2up S. 372.] 14. ^Huxley: Scott's Last Expedition, Vol. II. 1914, [https://archive.org/stream/scottslastexpedi02scotuoft#page/372/mode/2up S. 372.] 15. ^{{cite web |last= |first= |title= Quail Island, Lyttelton used by Antarctic expeditions |publisher= |date= |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/interactive/quail-island-dog-kennels |accessdate= February 23, 2018 }} 16. ^{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=iDmnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT354&lpg=PT354&dq=Dennistoun+Royal+Geographical+Society&source=bl&ots=haAKkvxAyl&sig=sBVqLmUI-9521ImxEqpk4Ms60rk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTxuPM_N7PAhVEthQKHWFAASIQ6AEILTAD#v=onepage&q=Dennistoun%20Royal%20Geographical%20Society&f=false | title = Conrad Kain: Letters from a Wandering Mountain Guide, 1906–1933 | last = Kain | first = Conrad | date = 16 September 2014 | publisher = University of Alberta|isbn=9781772120042 | language = en}} 17. ^{{Citation | title= Long High-Level Journey. |newspaper= The New Zealand Herald |date= 2 February 1914 |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19140131.2.102?query=dennistoun |accessdate= February 23, 2018}} 18. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | title = Lieutenant James Robert Dennistoun |publisher= The North Irish Horse in the Great War |date= | url = http://www.northirishhorse.com.au/NIH/Images/In%20memoriam/Full%20pictures/Dennistoun.htm | accessdate = February 20, 2018 }} 19. ^Classen, Page 199. 20. ^Classen, Page 200. 21. ^Classen, page 202. 22. ^Classen, pages 202, 203 and 421. 23. ^{{cite web |title= Lieutenant Dennistoun, James Robert |publisher= Commonwealth War Graves Commission |date= |url= https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/903238/DENNISTOUN,%20JAMES%20ROBERT |accessdate= February 23, 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web |title= Dennistoun Glacier: Antarctica |publisher= Geographic Names |date= 2012|url= https://geographic.org/geographic_names/antname.php?uni=3740&fid=antgeo_106 |accessdate= February 23, 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web |title= Dennistoun Peak |publisher= NZ Tope Map |date= |url= http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz28067/Dennistoun-Peak/ |accessdate= February 23, 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web |title= Dennistoun Pass |publisher= NZ Tope Map |date= |url= http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap?v=2&ll=-43.416084,170.618105&z=14&pin=1&lbl=Dennistoun+Pass |accessdate= February 23, 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web |title= Dennistoun Glacier |publisher= NZ Tope Map |date= |url= http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz28060/Dennistoun-Glacier/ |accessdate= February 23, 2018}} References
Further reading
External links
7 : 1883 births|1916 deaths|Exploration of Antarctica|New Zealand and the Antarctic|New Zealand mountain climbers|Recipients of the Polar Medal|People from Canterbury, New Zealand |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。