| 词条 | Jammu Praja Parishad |
| 释义 |
The Jammu Praja Parishad{{sfn|Chandra, Mukherjee & Mukherjee, India since Independence|2008|p=418}} (officially: All Jammu and Kashmir Praja Parishad{{sfn|Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism|2015|p=229}}) was a political party active in the Jammu Division of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. It was founded in November 1947 by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh activist Balraj Madhok, and served as the main opposition party in the state. It maintained close ties with Bharatiya Jana Sangh during its lifetime and merged with the latter in 1963. Its main activity was to campaign for the close integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India and oppose the special status granted to the state under the Article 370 of the Indian constitution. After its merger with the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the precursor of the present day Bharatiya Janata Party, the party gradually rose in stature. As an integral part of the Bharatiya Janata Party, it is currently a partner in the ruling coalition led by the People's Democratic Party. InceptionThe Dogra Hindus of Jammu were originally organised under the banner of All Jammu and Kashmir Rajya Hindu Sabha, with Prem Nath Dogra as a leading member.{{sfn|Puri, The Question of Accession|2010|p=4}} The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was established in Jammu in 1939 with the efforts of Kishen Dev Joshi.{{sfn|Sahagala, Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence|2011|p=57}} Jagdish Abrol and later Balraj Madhok, who arrived in 1942, are credited with its expansion. Madhok moved to the Kashmir Valley in 1944 and established RSS there. Prem Nath Dogra was also the chairman (sanghchalak) of the RSS in Jammu.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste, and Politics|2011|pp=288, 301}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics|1996|pp=149-150}} In May 1947, following the partition plan, the Hindu Sabha threw in its support to whatever the Maharaja might decide regarding the state's status, which in effect meant support for the state's independence. However, following the communal upheaval of the partition and the tribal raid, its position changed to supporting the accession of the state to India and, subsequently, full integration of Jammu with India.{{sfn|Puri, The Question of Accession|2010|p=4-5}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=194-195}} The Praja Parishad was founded in November 1947 with this background, soon after the Pakistani tribal invasion. Balraj Madhok was a key organiser of the party and Hari Wazir became its first President. Prem Nath Dogra and others soon joined in. According to Madhok, the objective of the party was to achieve the "full integration" of Jammu and Kashmir with India and to oppose the "communist-dominated anti-Dogra government of Sheikh Abdullah."{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste, and Politics|2011|pp=288, 301}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=195}}{{sfn|Sahagala, Jammu & Kashmir: A State in Turbulence|2011|p=119–120}} Jammu agitation (1949–1953)In early 1949, the Praja Parishad started protesting against the policies of the National Conference government led by Sheikh Abdullah. The government swiftly suppressed it by arresting as many as 294 members of the Praja Parishad including Prem Nath Dogra, its president.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=195}} Balraj Madhok was externed from the state.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism Reader|2007|pp=158-159}} The Praja Parishad's call for full integration directly clashed with the demands of National Conference for complete autonomy of the state. The Indian leaders intervened and arranged a temporary truce. However, the simmering tensions came to the fore again in the elections for the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly in 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=195-196}} The Praja Parishad initially contested 28 out of 30 seats allocated to Jammu in the 1951 elections. However, the nomination papers of thirteen of its candidates were rejected on the grounds of technicalities. Sensing that the elections were being railroaded by the ruling National Conference, the Praja Parishad announced a boycott of the elections shortly before the polling. Consequently, all National Conference candidates were declared as winners from the Jammu province. Thus obstructed from democratic participation, the Praja Parishad took to the streets organising protests.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=55-57}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}} Calling for "full integration" of the state with the rest of India, the Parishad issued a rallying cry of "Ek Vidhan, Ek Nishan, Ek Pradhan" ("one constitution, one flag and one premier"). This was in marked opposition to the state trying to formulate its own constitution, carrying its own flag and calling its head of executive "Prime Minister."{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=57}} On 15 January 1952, students staged a demonstration against the hoisting of the state flag alongside the Indian Union flag. They were penalised, giving rise to a big procession on 8 February. The military was called out and a 72-hour curfew imposed. N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, the Indian Cabinet minister in charge of Kashmir affairs, came down to broker peace, which was resented by Sheikh Abdullah.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=196}} By this time, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in Delhi to champion Hindu nationalist politics, and the Praja Parishad became its affiliate in Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|p=87}} Even though Jana Sangh won only 3 seats in the Indian Parliament in the 1951–52 general elections, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was a powerful leader, commanding a big block of support from various opposition parties. The Party and Mukherjee took up the cause of Jammu with vigour. The Praja Parishad submitted a memorandum to the President of India in June 1952, calling for full integration and staged a big demonstration outside the Indian Parliament. The Hindu Mahasabha Member of Parliament N. C. Chatterjee ridiculed the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir as a "Republic within a Republic."{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=197}} In order to break the constitutional deadlock, the National Conference was invited to send a delegation to Delhi. The 1952 Delhi Agreement was formulated to settle the extent of applicability of the Indian Constitution to the state. Following this, the Constituent Assembly abolished the monarchy in Kashmir, and adopted an elected Head of State (Sadr-i Riyasat). However, the Assembly was slow to implement the remaining measures agreed in the Delhi Agreement.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197-203}} The Praja Parishad undertook a civil disobedience campaign for a third time in November 1952, which again led to repression by the state government. The Parishad accused Abdullah of communalism (sectarianism), favouring the Muslim interests in the state and sacrificing the interests of the others. The Jana Sangh joined hands with the Hindu Mahasabha and Ram Rajya Parishad to launch a parallel agitation in Delhi. In May 1953, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir, citing his rights as an Indian citizen to visit any part of the country. Abdullah prohibited his entry and promptly arrested him when he attempted. An estimated 10,000 activists were imprisoned in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, including Members of Parliament. Unfortunately, Mukherjee died in detention on 23 June 1953, leading to an uproar in India and precipitating a crisis that spiralled out of control. Sheikh Abdullah lost majority within his five-member Cabinet. He was dismissed from the post of Prime Minister and put in prison, by the orders of Sadr-i Riyasat Karan Singh.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197-203}}{{sfn|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86-87}} Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, who succeeded Abdullah as the Prime Minister, implemented all the measures of the Delhi Agreement, making further concessions of powers to the Union government.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=209-212}} The Praja Parishad agitation largely subsided after these events. Subsequent electionsThe Praja Parishad remained a party of landlords and failed to develop into a mass movement, especially in rural areas. The National Conference, having implemented land reforms benefiting the rural populations, was favoured by the electorate. The Parishad was also an overwhelmingly Hindu party, and had no attraction to the Muslims. It also neglected the influential minority of Kashmiri Pandits and Ladakhi Buddhists.{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=111}} In the Legislative Assembly elections in 1957, the Praja Parishad put forward 17 candidates and won 6 seats. One elected member later switched sides, with the Parishad retaining only 5 members in the Assembly.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=229}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=75}} In the elections held in 1962, the Praja Parishad was reduced to 3 seats. It held a massive demonstration in the city of Jammu, protesting against alleged electoral malpractices. The Prime Minister Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad dismissed the complaints as "frivolous."{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=77-78}} In 1963, the Praja Parishad merged into the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.[1] In January 1965, the National Conference also merged into the Indian National Congress. The event is characterised by analysts as a major "centralising strategy" and a victory for the Hindu nationalist agenda of the Praja Parishad and its allies.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=82}} In the 1972 elections, the party again won 3 seats. In 1975, Sheikh Abdullah was released from prison and allowed to return to power after striking a deal with the central government. He subsequently revived the National Conference. Between 1975–77, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a national emergency. After it was lifted, Jana Sangh merged with other opposition parties in India to form the Janata Party. In the 1977 Legislative Assembly elections , widely regarded as the first free and fair elections in Jammu and Kashmir, the Janata Party won 11 seats in Jammu and a further 2 seats in the Kashmir Valley. The Indian National Congress also won 11 seats in Jammu, but none in the Kashmir Valley.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=89-90}} After the split-up of the Janata Party and the formation of the Bharatiya Janata Party from the former Jana Sangh faction, the party's fortunes in Jammu and Kashmir were again lacklustre until 2008, when it won 11 seats. In the most recent elections in 2014, the party scored a major victory emerging as the second largest party in the Assembly with 25 seats. It formed a coalition government with Mufti Mohammad Sayeed of the People's Democratic Party as the Chief Minister. References1. ^{{citation |author=Kedar Nath Kumar |title=Political Parties in India, Their Ideology and Organisation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3pJ8t4rxIsC&pg=PA108 |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-205-9 |pages=108–}} Bibliography
7 : Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir|Indian Hindu political parties|Defunct political parties in India|Political parties established in 1947|Political parties disestablished in 1963|1947 establishments in India|1963 disestablishments in India |
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