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词条 Belarusian Latin alphabet
释义

  1. Use

  2. History

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{no footnotes|date=September 2016}}{{Selfref|For the romanization of Belarusian on English Wikipedia, see BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian}}

The Belarusian Latin alphabet or Łacinka ({{IPA-be|laˈt͡sinka|}}, from {{lang-be|Лацінка}} (BGN/PCGN: latsinka) for the Latin script in general) is the common name of the several historical alphabets to render the Belarusian (Cyrillic) text in the Latin script. It is similar to the Sorbian alphabet and incorporates features of the Polish and Czech alphabets.

Use

Łacinka was occasionally used in the Belarusian area mainly in the 19th century and first years of the 20th century. Belarusian was officially written only in the Latin script between 1941 and 1944, in the Nazi German-occupied Belarusian territories.

It is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Nasha Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet.

It is not, as such, a romanisation, as certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic {{lang|be|е}} can be e, ie or je, depending on the pronunciation of it and that the preceding sound. Also, as there is no soft sign in Łacinka, palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant.

Belarusian Latin alphabet
(as seen in publications, c.1990s–2000s)
Łacinka Cyrillic IPA
A a А а /a/}}
B b Б б /b/}}
C c Ц ц /ts/}}
Ć ć Ць ць* /tsʲ/}}
Č č Ч ч /tʂ/}}
D d Д д /d/}}
DZ dz Дз дз /dz/}}
DŹ dź Дзь дзь* /dzʲ/}}
DŽ dž Дж дж /dʐ/}}
E e Э э /ɛ/}}
F f Ф ф /f/}}
G g (Ґ ґ) /ɡ ~ ɟ/}}
Łacinka Cyrillic IPA
H h Г г /ɣ ~ ʝ/}}
CH ch Х х /x ~ ç/}}
I i І і* /i/, /ʲ/}}
J j Й й, ь* /j/}}
K k К к /k ~ c/}}
L l Ль ль* /lʲ/}}
Ł ł Л л /l/}}
M m М м /m/}}
N n Н н /n/}}
Ń ń Нь нь* /nʲ/}}
O o О о /ɔ/}}
P p П п /p/}}
Łacinka Cyrillic IPA
R r Р р /r/}}
S s С с /s/}}
Ś ś Сь сь* /sʲ/}}
Š š Ш ш /ʂ/}}
T t Т т /t/}}
U u У у /u/}}
Ŭ ŭ Ў ў /u̯/}}
V v В в /v/}}
Y y Ы ы /ɨ/}}
Z z З з /z/}}
Ź ź Зь зь* /zʲ/}}
Ž ž Ж ж /ʐ/}}
* Cyrillic е, ё, і, ю, я are equivalent to je, jo, ji, ju, ja initially or after a vowel,
   to e, o, i, u, a after the consonant l (ля = la),
   and to ie, io, i, iu, ia after other consonants.

The official Belarusian Romanisation 2007 system is similar to Łacinka but transliterates Cyrillic л: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (official), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (official), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (official).

History

In the 16th century, the first Latin known renderings of Belarusian Cyrillic text occurred, in quotes of Ruthenian in Polish and Latin texts. The renderings were not standardised, and Polish orthography seems to have been used for Old Belarusian sounds.

In the 17th century, Belarusian Catholics gradually increased their use of the Latin script but still largely in parallel with the Cyrillic. Before the 17th century, the Belarusian Catholics had often used the Cyrillic script.

In the 18th century, the Latin script was used, in parallel with Cyrillic, in some literary works, like in drama for contemporary Belarusian.

Cyrillic
абвгдеёжззьійклльмнньоп
р с сь т у ў ф х ц цьч ш ы ь э ю я
c.1840s–c.1920s

It was used in works by Dunin-Martsinkyevich, Kalinowski, Francišak Bahuševič, Alaiza Pashkievich (Tsyotka) and the newspaper Nasha Niva as well as newspapers from c.1917 to the 1920s.

a b w h d je1 jo1 ż z źi j k ł l m n ń o p
r s ś t u u2 f ch c ćcz sz y – e ju1 ja1
c.1928–1929

It was used in the contemporary works of Yan Stankyevich and in the 5th (unofficial) edition of Branislaw Tarashkyevich's Belarusian grammar (1929).

a b w h d je1 jo1 ž z źi j k ł l m n ń o p
r s ś t u ŭ f ch c ćč š y – e ju1 ja1
c.1937–1941

It was used in the later works of Yan Stankyevich.

a b v h d je1 jo1 ž z źi j k ł l m n ń o p
r s ś t u ŭ f ch c ćč š y – e ju1 ja1
Contemporary

It was used in the newspaper Nasha Niva and the journal Arche.

a b v h d je1 jo1 ž z źi j k ł l m n ń o p
r s ś t u ŭ f ch c ćč š y – e ju1 ja1
Notes
  1. The variant with "j" was used at the start of words or after vowels, with "i" elsewhere.
  2. Dunin-Martsinkyevich used u ("u" in cursive) for the "short U".
    • The "soft sign" is denoted not by a separate grapheme but by using the "Ll" variant preceding it or by the acute accent over the preceding consonant.
    • The plosive sound "g" ({{IPA|[ɡ]}} or {{IPA|[ɡʲ]}}), which are not represented in the standard Belarusian alphabet (see also Ge with upturn), has been proposed by some authors, including Yan Stankyevich. It is not distinguished in Latin renderings at all, or it can be represented by either "Gg" or "HGhg".
    • The apostrophe is not used.
{{commons category|Belarusian Latin alphabet}}

In the 19th century, some Polish and Belarusian writers of Polish cultural background sometimes or always used the Latin script in their works in Belarusian, notably Jan Czeczot, Paŭluk Bahrym, Vincent Dunin-Marcinkievič, Francišak Bahuševič, and Adam Hurynovič. The Revolutionary Democrat Konstanty Kalinowski used only the Latin script in his newspaper Peasants’ Truth ({{lang-be|Мужыцкая праўда|italic=yes}}, in Latin script: Mużyckaja prauda; six issues in 1862–1863).

Such introduction of the Latin script for the language broke with the long Cyrillic tradition and is sometimes explained by the unfamiliarity of the 19th century writers with the history of the language or with the language itself or by the impossibility of acquiring or using the Cyrillic type at the printers that the writers had been using.

The custom of using the Latin script for Belarusian text gradually ceased to be common, but at the beginning of the 20th century, there were still several examples of use of the Latin script in Belarusian printing:

In the 1920s in the Belarusian SSR, like the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926), some suggestions were made to consider a transition of the Belarusian grammar to the Latin script (for example, Zmicier Zhylunovich for "making the Belarusian grammar more progressive"). However, they were rejected by the Belarusian linguists (such as Vaclau Lastouski).

From the 1920s to 1939, after the partition of Belarus (1921), the use of a modified Latin script was reintroduced to Belarusian printing in Western Belarus, chiefly for political reasons. The proposed form of the Belarusian Latin alphabet and some grammar rules were introduced for the first time in the 5th (unofficial) edition of Tarashkyevich's grammar (Vil'nya, 1929).

Belarusian Latin alphabet
(Tarashkyevich, 1929)
A aB bC cĆ ćČ čD dE eF fG gH h
I i J j K k L l Ł ł M m N n Ń ń O o P p
R r S s Ś ś Š š T t U u Ŭ ŭ W w Y y Z z
Ź ź Ž ž

Belarusian was written in the Latin script in 1941 to 1944 in the German-occupied Belarusian territories and by the Belarusian diaspora in Prague (1920s – c.1945).

After the Second World War, Belarusian was occasionally written in the Latin script by the Belarusian diaspora in Western Europe and the Americas (notably in West Germany and the United States). In 1962, Yan Stankyevich proposed a completely new Belarusian Latin alphabet.

Belarusian Latin alphabet
(Stankyevich, 1962)
O oA aE eB bC cĆ ćČ čD dF fG g
H h Ch ch I i J j K k L l Ł ł M m N n Ń ń
P p R r Ś ś Š š T t V v U u Ŭ ŭ Dz dz Dź dź
Dž dž Z z Ź ź Ž ž
Belarusian Latin alphabet
(Pogadayev, 2017)
A aB bC cĆ ćČ čD dE eĚ ěF fG g
H h I i J j K k L l Ľ ľ M m N n Ň ň O o
P p R r S s Ś ś Š š T t U u Ŭ ŭ Y y Z z
Ź ź Ž ž

See also

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lacinka Alphabet}}

2 : Latin alphabets|Belarusian language

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