| 词条 | 240 mm Trench Mortar |
| 释义 |
|name=240 mm Trench Mortar | image=USArmy9.45inchTrenchMortarSideViewDiagram.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=240 mm Trench Mortar, side view |origin=France |type= Heavy trench mortar |is_ranged=yes |is_bladed= |is_explosive=yes |is_artillery=yes |is_UK=yes |is_vehicle= |target= |date= |prod_date= |number= |service=1915 - 1918 |used_by=France United States Italy Austria-Hungary |wars=World War I |designer=Dumezil-Batignolles |design_date=1915 |manufacturer= |production_date= |weight={{plainlist|
}} |length= |part_length={{convert|2|m|ftin}} (including breech) |crew=7 |cartridge=HE {{convert|81.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (US & France) |caliber=240 mm (9.45 inch) |action= |rate=1 per 6 min |velocity=145 m/s (475 ft/s) (max charge) |range=603 - 2,071 m (660 – 2,265 yd) |max_range= |feed= |sights= |breech=vertical sliding block |recoil= |carriage= |elevation=75° to 45° |traverse=18° left & right |diameter= |filling=amatol or ammonal |filling_weight=40 kg (90 lb) |detonation= |yield= }} The 240 mm Trench Mortar, or Mortier de 240 mm, was a large calibre mortar of World War I. An original French design, it was developed by Batignolles Company of Paris and introduced in 1915. ServiceThe weapon was dismantled for transport, requiring four carts for the barrel, base, carriage and ammunition. In action, a heavy timber platform was constructed embedded in the ground, on which the mortar base was immovably secured. The mortar carriage sat on the base and could traverse. The mortar barrel and breech were mounted on the carriage which provided elevation. They were used in the "siege warfare" on the Western Front to destroy enemy strongpoints, bunkers and similar "hard" targets which were invulnerable to lighter mortars and field guns. The US Army handbook described it : "... the use for which it is primarily adapted is in the bombardment of strongly protected targets—dwellings, covered shelters, command posts, entrances to galleries, etc—or in the destruction of sectors of trenches, salients and the like.".[1] Their effectiveness decreased late in the war as German policy changed to a lightly held frontline, hence decreasing available targets, and they became redundant when the war of movement resumed in mid-1918. 240 mm mortar in French useThe mortar was first introduced in 1915 as the Mortier de 240 mm CT ("court de tranchee"). It was a short barreled version which fired a 192 lb (87 kg) bomb for 1,125 yards (1,030 m), using a propellant charge of 1 lb 9 oz (710 g).[2] Its first major use was in the Champagne offensive of September 25, 1915. This was followed later by the Mortier de 240 mm LT ("long de tranchée") which was a long barreled version with improved firing arrangement and breech-loaded charge which fired a {{convert|179|lb|abbr=on}} bomb {{convert|2265|yd}}, using a propellant charge of {{convert|2|lb|13|oz|kg|abbr=on}}.[2] This appears to be the bomb configuration adopted by USA. French estimates were 80 bombs needed to destroy a strong shelter with a roof of concrete or rails and concrete.[3] 240 mm mortar in US useDavid Lupton's Sons Co manufactured the weapon in the United States during World War I. They were used by nine Trench Mortar Battalions of the Coast Artillery Corps.[4] The US version appears to have been a direct copy of the Mortier de 240 mm LT, i.e. with longer barrel and propellant charge loaded into the breech via a brass cartridge case, was also produced late in the war but it is doubtful whether any were actually used in combat. The December 1917 manual describes the weapon as "9.45 inch" but makes clear it is the French 240 mm they are describing that the US has adopted. The bomb is described as weighing {{convert|180|lb|abbr=on}}, with an explosive charge of {{convert|90|lb|abbr=on}} and range from 660 to {{convert|2500|yd}}.[1] The March 1918 manual describes the Bomb, Model 1916, Type T, weight {{convert|183|lb|abbr=on}}, explosive {{convert|93|lb|abbr=on}}, length 1.02 m (40 in). Barrel and breech weighing {{convert|690|lb|abbr=on}}, carriage {{convert|448|lb|abbr=on}}, base {{convert|764|lb|abbr=on}}, timber platform {{convert|5720|lb|abbr=on}}. Propellant charges of 800 grams Ballistite + 15 grams F-3 black powder for 750–1400 meters, and 1250 grams Ballistite + 15 grams F-3 for 1100–2200 meters.[5] This figure agrees with the charge quoted for the mortar in French use for maximum range. "Separate loading ammunition" was used i.e. the mortar bomb was a separate unit from the propellant cartridge case, which was flanged, brass, 9.776 inches long x {{convert|6.67|in|mm}} diameter (248.3 by 169.4 mm).[6] The bomb was loaded into the barrel muzzle. The cartridge containing propellant charge appropriate for the required range was loaded into the breech, similar to a howitzer. The mortar was fired by pulling a lanyard, which triggered a primer in the base of the cartridge case and ignited the propellant charge in the cartridge. The cartridge cases could be reused after cleaning and replacing the primer. 240 mm Mortar in Italian Use{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}Italy used both the French CT and LT versions and produced their own long barrel version.[9] Austro-Hungarian 24 cm Minenwerfer M.16Some 400 were copied and manufactured by Böhler during World War I based on examples captured from Italy,[7] although the Austrians had problems recreating the original powder mixture and their shells suffered from large dispersions.[8] German 24 cm s.FlügelminenwerferThe US A.E.F. in France reported in March 1918 : "... a new pattern minenwerfer which was brought out in 1916 and looks very much like the French 240... uses a heavy bomb fitted with four vanes like the French 240 mm bombs. This bomb weighs 100 kg (220 lb) and contains 42 kg (93 lb) of explosive... ranges obtained vary from 490 to 1310 yards".[9] The specifications appear similar to the early French 240 mm CT quoted above. It is unknown whether this was related to the French or Austrian Böhler versions. Notes and references1. ^1 "Handbook of the 9.45-inch trench mortar matériel" United States Ordnance Department. December 1917. page 9 2. ^1 {{cite EB1922 |last=Atkinson |first=Charles Francis |title=Trench Ordnance |volume=32 |pages=776–777 |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopdiabri32newyrich#page/776/mode/1up}} 3. ^[https://archive.org/details/generalnotesonus00franiala General notes on the use of artillery. France. Ministère de la guerre. 1917] Page 43 4. ^Coast Artillery Corps units in France in WWI 5. ^"Manual for trench artillery, United States Army (provisional). Part IV, 240 mm. trench mortar." Prepared at Headquarters AEF France March 1918. page 9-10 6. ^"Handbook of the {{convert|9.45|in|mm|sing=on}} trench mortar matériel" December 1917. United States Ordnance Department. page 43 7. ^1 Wesley Thomas, 24cm Minenwerfer M. 16. with photographs 8. ^Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 {{ISBN|978-3-902526-13-7}}, p. 480 9. ^"Manual for trench artillery, United States Army (provisional). Part I, Trench Artillery.". Prepared at Headquarters AEF, France, March 1918. page 49-50 See also
Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
Surviving examples
External links{{Commons category|240 mm Trench Mortar}}
The US manuals for the mortar appear to be based on French manuals e.g. the soldiers depicted are in French uniform.
5 : World War I mortars of France|World War I mortars of Italy|Mortars of Austria-Hungary|Mortars of the United States|240 mm artillery |
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