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词条 Jensenism
释义

  1. Background

  2. Reception

  3. References

Jensenism is a term coined by New York Times writer Lee Edson. Named after educational psychologist Arthur Jensen, it was originally defined as "the theory that IQ is largely determined by the genes". The term was coined after Jensen published the article How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? in the Harvard Educational Review in 1969.[1] It has since been included in several dictionaries.[2]

Background

The gap of the I.Q. between white and black students was a subject of debate in the United States, particularly around the 1970s. One view, which is referred to among behavioral geneticists as the genetic position, holds that IQ is determined by hereditary factors - about 80 percent of the variability of intelligence while 20 percent is attributed to environmental factors.[3] The gap, therefore, was associated with race. Jensenism was as one of the most notable theories to have emerged from this sector. It was based on Arthur Jensen's 1969 article that talked about the failure of compensatory education. He cited several evidence that demonstrated how IQ is inherited. For instance, he said that if one looks at studies of adopted children, "you find that their intelligence relates more closely to their natural parents."[4] He also proposed that the measured 15-point difference between American blacks and whites could never be entirely eliminated by education.[5]

Reception

Many reactions to Jensen's article and the arguments it contained quickly ensued, some highly favorable and others relentlessly negative with some directly equating it with racism.[5] Among the latter was a paper by behavioral geneticist Jerry Hirsch, who claimed that Jensenism was an "intellectual disgrace", while also criticizing some of Jensen's earlier critics: "Time and again the opposition to Jensenism has resorted to inarticulate and self-defeating hooliganism, so easily perceived as fascist interference with academic freedom and unfettered scientific inquiry."[6] In a 1970 article responding to Jensen, biologist Richard Lewontin argued that Jensenism was a more recent manifestation of the 17th-century Christian heresy Jansenism, referring to the former as a "doctrine" that is "as erroneous in the twentieth century as it was in the seventeenth."[7] Evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould also criticized Jensenism, arguing that it rested "on a rotten edifice."[8] Jensen's ideas reportedly received a more favorable reception in the Nixon administration; Lewontin quoted then-United States ambassador to India Daniel Patrick Moynihan in 1974 as saying, "The winds of Jensenism are blowing through Washington with gale force."[9]

More recently, several favorable articles defending Jensen and his ideas have criticized the frequent negative use of the term "Jensenism".[10][11] These include the journal Intelligence, which devoted an entire issue honoring the scholar and his work.[12] Linda Gottfredson also claimed:

{{blockquote|Arthur Jensen is a masterful scientist whose work broke a social taboo. Jensenism refers to the aspect of his work that violated the [social] taboo, specifically his conclusion that individual differences in intelligence are highly heritable and group differences may be too."[13]}}

References

1. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/31/archives/jensenism-n-the-theory-that-iq-is-largely-determined-by-the-genes.html |title=jensenism, n. The theory that I.Q. is largely determined by the genes; jensenism, n. An I.Q. theory |last=Edson |first=Lee |date=1969-08-31 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-09-19 |language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Arthur R. |authorlink=Arthur Jensen|date=January 1998 |title=Jensen on "Jensenism" |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160289699800026 |journal=Intelligence |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=181–208 |doi=10.1016/s0160-2896(99)80002-6 |issn=0160-2896}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title=Black Americans: A Psychological Analysis|last=Baughman|first=E. Earl|publisher=Academic Press|year=2013|isbn=9781483267432|location=New York|pages=8-10}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title=The Wrong Direction: An Educator Speaks Out|last=Hancock|first=Richard S.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2005|isbn=141205785X|location=Victoria, BC|pages=247}}
5. ^1 {{Cite book|title=A History of Anthropological Theory, Fifth Edition|last=Erickson|first=Paul|last2=Murphy|first2=Liam|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2017|isbn=9781442636842|location=North York, Ontario|pages=121}}
6. ^{{Cite journal |last=Hirsch |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Hirsch |date=January 1975 |title=Jensenism: The Bankruptcy of "Science" Without Scholarship |journal=Educational Theory |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5446.1975.tb00663.x |issn=0013-2004}}
7. ^{{Cite journal |last=Lewontin |first=Richard C. |authorlink=Richard Lewontin|date=March 1970 |title=Race and Intelligence|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=2–8 |doi=10.1080/00963402.1970.11457774 |issn=0096-3402}}
8. ^{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/02/local/la-me-arthur-jensen-20121102 |title=Arthur Jensen dies at 89; his views on race and IQ created a furor |last=Woo |first=Elaine |date=2012-11-02 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2018-09-19 |language=en-US |issn=0458-3035}}
9. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/7/12/lewontin-tells-300-at-forum-race/ |title=Lewontin Tells 300 at Forum Race and I.Q. Are Not Linked |last=Cohen |first=Bennett D. |date=1974-07-12 |work=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=2018-09-19 |language=en}}
10. ^{{Cite journal |last=Deary |first=Ian J. |authorlink=Ian Deary|last2=Crawford |first2=J.R. |date=January 1998 |title=A triarchic theory of Jensenism: Persistent, conservative reductionism |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160289699800117 |journal=Intelligence |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=273–282 |doi=10.1016/s0160-2896(99)80011-7 |issn=0160-2896}}
11. ^{{Cite journal |last=Kaufman |first=Alan S. |authorlink=Alan S. Kaufman|date=January 1998 |title=A new twist on Jensenism |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160289699800087 |journal=Intelligence |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=249–253 |doi=10.1016/s0160-2896(99)80008-7 |issn=0160-2896}}
12. ^{{Cite book|title=Intelligence, Race, And Genetics: Conversations With Arthur R. Jensen|last=Miele|first=Frank|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=9780429979385|location=Oxon|pages=1842}}
13. ^{{Cite journal |last=Gottfredson |first=Linda S. |authorlink=Linda Gottfredson|date=January 1998 |title=Jensen, Jensenism, and the sociology of intelligence |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160289699800130 |journal=Intelligence |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=291–299 |doi=10.1016/s0160-2896(99)80013-0 |issn=0160-2896}}
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4 : Psychology terminology|20th-century neologisms|Race and intelligence controversy|Intelligence quotient
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