| 词条 | Jerzy Mondschein | |||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Jerzy Mondschein |image= PL air force flag PSP.svg |birth_date={{Birth date|1909|3|18|df=yes}} |death_date={{Death date and age|1944|3|29|1909|3|18|df=yes}} |placeofburial= Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery, Poland |birth_place=Warsaw, Poland |death_place= near Jelenia Gora or Liberec |nickname= |birth_name= Jerzy Tomasz Mondschein |allegiance={{flag|Poland}} |branch={{air force|Poland}} |serviceyears=1935–1944 |rank=Flying Officer and Porucznik |servicenumber=P.0913 |unit=No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron |commands= |battles=World War II
|battles_label= |awards=Mentioned in Despatches{{plainlist| }} |relations= }} Jerzy Mondschein (18 March 1909 – 29 March 1944) was a Polish Vickers Wellington bomber Observer (navigator) flying from England when he was taken prisoner during the Second World War. He is notable for the part he took in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944 and as one of the men recaptured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo. Early lifeMondschein was of German descent from his father side, so he could speak German fluently, but assimilated into Polish society.[1] He grew up in Warsaw and worked in the building industry before becoming a pre-war regular serviceman with the Polish Air Force. By the time Poland fell to Nazi Germany and the Soviets, he had earned the Polish Cross of Valour with 2 additional award bars.[2] He was a married man with a family.[1] War serviceAfter the fall of Poland under the German and Soviet invasions of September 1939 he made the journey to France where the French Air Force was accepting Polish airmen and forming volunteer squadrons in Marseille. He enlisted there.[3] When France fell he travelled to England and volunteered to fly operationally. He was assessed, re-trained, and joined the Free Polish Air Force serving with No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron flying as Observer (navigator) aboard Vickers Wellington bombers from RAF Lindholme.[4] Prisoner of warMondschein was a member of the crew of Vickers Wellington Mark Ic (serial number “R1215”) on the night of 7–8 November, 1941, attacking the German city of Mannheim.[5] His aircraft was flown by Sergeant Blicharz and it took off at 18:03 hours GMT. The bomber did not return and last reported at 20:55 hours stating that they had attacked the target. Its entire crew were made prisoner of war near the Luftwaffe airfield at St. Trond, Belgium. Mondscein went straight into the prison camp system.[6][7] He ended up as Prisoner No. 680 in prisoner of war camp Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland). As a prisoner of war Mondschein was a perfect member of any escaping group: he spoke German fluently, he was a skilled tailor who could re-design blankets or British military uniform into passable civilian clothing, he had experience with cutting concrete and could hide cut sections with great skill and was an avid collator of useful information.[8][9] Mondschein cut out the concrete section to form the access point for tunnel "Dick" in Hut 122 and made a superb replacement which was undetectable.[10] Housed in Hut 110 he bravely pushed on through bouts of depression when he spent nights unable to sleep and apparently accurately predicted his fate.[11][12] 'Great Escape'Mondschein was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944 in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". The initial groups out of the tunnel were those who needed a head start in order to get to the local railway station and catch their appropriate trains. He was in the first group of twelve “walkers” who followed, they were led by Williy Williams and posed as a band of lumber mill workers on leave and included Canadian Jim Wernham and Poles Tony Kiewnarski and Kaz Pawluk. In a filthy cold night they headed east towards the railway lines and then south to Tschiebsdorf railway station where Jerzy Mondschein,[13] who spoke fluent German used a forged travel pass to buy tickets for the group of twelve on the 6AM train to Boberrohrsdorf three hours south where they split up.[14] Willy Williams and Rusty Kierath headed off and later joined up with Johnny Bull and Jerzy Mondschein to trek through the Reisengebirge mountains where they were arrested by a mountain patrol trying to cross into occupied Czechoslovakia and taken to Reichenberg prison.[15][16][17][18] The four airmen were handed over to the Gestapo at 4AM on 29 March 1944 believing that they were to be returned to prison camp by road but near Jelenia Gora then called Hirschberg they were shot.[19][20][21][22][23] and cremated at Brux by the Gestapo.[24] Mondschein was one of the 50 escapers executed and murdered selected and listed by SS-Gruppenfuhrer Arthur Nebe to be killed,[25] by the Gestapo.[26][27][28] Originally his remains were buried at Sagan, he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery.[29][30] His name was amongst those in the list of the murdered prisoners which was published in the press in the UK and Commonwealth countries when news broke on or about 20 May 1944.[31] Mondschein is commemorated on the Polish Air Force Memorial at Northolt, Middlesex.[32] He is also commemorated on the Dunsfold War Memorial website.[33]
AwardsHis conspicuous bravery as a prisoner was recognized by a Mention in Despatches as none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously. NoteOn 25 March 2012, the Czech Republic held a ceremony honouring these men and unveiling a plaque in their memory in the city of Most (formerly Brux) where they were murdered. The Czech Air Force organised a fly past and a Guard of Honour at the ceremony, which took place on the 68th anniversary of their escape. Members of the families of the four airmen met for the first time at this event.[34] Some excellent prisoner of war photos him and his three escaper comrades were published in The Daily Mail on 26 March 2012 in their story about this.[35] Other victims{{main||Stalag Luft III murders}}The Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes.[36][37][38][39] References1. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ehf0ESmep-8C&pg=PA352 In Gallant Company – Jerzy Mondschein] 2. ^Vance (2000), p.70 3. ^Sikorksi Institute, London. Polish Air Force index card – P.0913 Mondschein 4. ^Great Escape Memorial – JT Mondschein 5. ^PolishAirForce Website - Mondschein 6. ^Chorley (1993), p.178 7. ^304 Squadron- Jerzy Mondschein 8. ^Andrews (1976), p.37 9. ^Vance (2000), p.70 10. ^Vance (2000), p.117 11. ^Carroll (2004), pp.158-159 12. ^Vance (2000), p.189 13. ^Andrews (1976), p.47-48 14. ^Carroll (2004), p.190 15. ^Andrews (1976), p.47 16. ^Vance (2000), p.234-237 17. ^Carroll (2004), p.195 18. ^Read (2012), pp.129-134 19. ^Vance (2000) p.263 and 318 20. ^Burgess (1990), pp.156-158 and p.270 21. ^Andrews (1976), p.93 and pp.187-188 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pegasusarchive.org/pow/cSL_3_Fifty.htm|work=Pegasus Archive|title=Stalag Luft III: The Fifty}} 23. ^Vance (2000), p.289 24. ^Carroll (2004), p.250 25. ^Andrews (1976), p.34 26. ^RCAF Website listing the officers murdered 27. ^Read (2012), p.305 28. ^Burgess (1990), p.271 29. ^Kochanski (2012), p.497 30. ^CWGC details – Jerzy Mondschein 31. ^Western Morning News, Dundee Courier, Yorkshire Post, etc. 20/05/1944 32. ^Northolt Memorial PDF file – J Mondschein 33. ^Dunsfold War Memorial 34. ^304 Squadron- Jerzy Mondschein 35. ^Daily Mail website – J Mondschein 36. ^Read (2012), pp.294–297 37. ^Vance (2000), p.310 38. ^Andrews (1976), p.182-183 and p.186-7 39. ^Yale Avalon Project-War Crimes Trial Part 8 – victim Mondschein
External links
13 : Polish Air Force officers|World War II prisoners of war held by Germany|1909 births|1944 deaths|Polish military personnel killed in World War II|Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III|Extrajudicial killings in World War II|Polish prisoners of war|Executed military personnel|Polish people executed abroad|People executed by Nazi Germany|People executed by Germany by firearm|Non-British Royal Air Force personnel of World War II |
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