“2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire ({{lang-fa|جشن‌های ۲۵۰۰ سالهٔ شاهنشاهی ایران}}), officially known as The 2,500th year of Foundation of Imperial State of Iran ({{lang-fa|دوهزار و پانصدمین سال بنیانگذاری شاهنشاهی ایران }}), consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place on 12–16 October 1971 to celebrate the anniversary of the founding of the Imperial State of Iran and the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great.^[1]^[2] The intent of the celebration was to demonstrate Iran's ancient civilization and history and to showcase its contemporary advances under His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah, the last Shah of Iran.^[3]

The extravagance of the celebrations was striking. Some later historians came to think that this excess had contributed to events that resulted in the Iranian Revolution and eventual replacement of the monarchy with an Islamic Republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. He was supported by a wide range of people, including various Islamist and leftist organizations,^[3] and student movements.^[4]^[5]

Planning

The planning for the party took a year, according to the 2016 BBC Storyville documentary, Decadence and Downfall: The Shah of Iran's Ultimate Party. The filmmakers interviewed people tasked by the Shah to organize the party. The Cyrus Cylinder served in the official logo as the symbol for the event. With the decision to hold the main event at the ancient city Persepolis near Shiraz, the local infrastructure had to be improved, including the Shiraz International Airport and a highway to Persepolis. While the press and supporting staff would be housed in Shiraz, the main festivities were planned for Persepolis. An elaborate tent city was planned to house attendees. The area around Persepolis was cleared of snakes and other vermin.^[6] Trees and flowers were planted, and 50,000 song birds were imported from Europe.^[7] Other events were scheduled for Pasargadae, the site of the Tomb of Cyrus, as well as Tehran.

Tent City of Persepolis

The Tent City (also Golden City) was planned by the Parisian interior-design firm of Maison Jansen on {{convert|160|acre|km2}}. They referred to the meeting between Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520.^[6] Fifty 'tents' (prefabricated luxury apartments with traditional Persian tent-cloth surrounds) were arranged in a star pattern around a central fountain. Numerous trees were planted around them in the desert, to recreate how ancient Persepolis would have looked. Each tent was provided with direct telephone and telex connections for attendees to their respective countries. The entire celebration was televised to the world by way of a satellite connection from the site.

The large Tent of Honor was designed for the reception of the dignitaries. The Banqueting Hall was the largest structure and measured 68 by 24 meters. The tent site was surrounded by gardens of trees and other plants flown in from France and adjacent to the ruins of Persepolis. Catering services were provided by Maxim's de Paris, which closed its restaurant in Paris for almost two weeks to provide for the glittering celebrations. Legendary hotelier Max Blouet came out of retirement to supervise the banquet. Lanvin designed the uniforms of the Imperial Household. 250 red Mercedes-Benz limousines were used to chauffeur guests from the airport and back. Dinnerware was created by Limoges and linen by Porthault.

Festivities

The festivities were opened on 12 October 1971, when the Shah and the Shahbanu paid homage to Cyrus the Great at his mausoleum at Pasargadae. For the next two days, the Shah and his wife greeted arriving guests, often directly at the Shiraz airport. On 14 October, a grand gala dinner took place in the Banqueting Hall in celebration of the birthday of the Shahbanu. Sixty members of royal families and heads of state were assembled at the single large serpentine table in the Banqueting Hall. The official toast was raised with a Dom Perignon Rosé 1959.

The food and the wine for the celebration were provided by the Parisian restaurant Maxim's.^[8]

Six hundred guests dined over five and a half hours thus making for the longest and most lavish official banquet in modern history as recorded in successive editions of the Guinness Book of World Records. A son et lumière show, the Polytope of Persepolis designed by Iannis Xenakis and accompanied by the specially-commissioned electronic music piece Persepolis^[9] concluded the evening. The next day saw a parade of armies of different Iranian empires covering two and half millennia by 1,724 men of the Iranian armed forces, all in period costume. In the evening, a less formal "traditional Persian party" was held in the Banqueting Hall as the concluding event at Persepolis.^[10]

On the final day, the Shah inaugurated the Shahyad Tower (later renamed the Azadi Tower after the Iranian Revolution) in Tehran to commemorate the event. The tower was also home to the Museum of Persian History. In it was displayed the Cyrus Cylinder, which the Shah promoted as "the first human rights charter in history".^[11]^[12] The cylinder was also the official symbol of the celebrations, and the Shah's first speech at Cyrus' tomb praised the freedom that it had proclaimed, two and a half millennia previously. The festivities were concluded with the Shah paying homage to his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi, at his mausoleum.^[10]

The event brought together the rulers of two of the three oldest extant monarchies, the Shah and Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Emperor Shōwa of Japan was represented by his youngest brother, Prince Mikasa. By the end of the decade, both the Ethiopian and Iranian monarchies had ceased to exist.

Security

Security was a major concern. Persepolis was a favoured site for the festivities as it was isolated and thus could be tightly guarded, a very important consideration when many of the world's leaders were gathered there. Iran's security services, SAVAK, captured and took into "preventive custody" anyone that it suspected to be a potential threat.

Criticism

Criticism was voiced in the Western press and by Muslim clerics such as Khomeini and his followers; Khomeini called it the "Devil's Festival".^[6] The Ministry of the Court placed the cost at $17 million (at that time); Ansari, one of the organizers, puts it at $22 million (at that time).^[6] The actual figure is difficult to calculate exactly and is a partisan issue.

List of guests

Some materials^[14] say that the attendee of China was Guo Moruo; According to his daughter, Guo was originally planned to attend, but he fell ill on the way arriving and then-Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan Zhang Tong attended instead.^[15]

Royalty and viceroys

Presidents, Prime Ministers and others

Film

Today

Persepolis remains a major tourist attraction in Iran and apparently there are suggestions to rehabilitate the archeological site as it is a proclamation of Iranian history.^[13] In 2005, it was visited by nearly 35,000 people during the Iranian new year holiday.^[13]

The tent city remained operating until 1979 for private and government rent, when it was looted after the Iranian Revolution and the departure of Shah. The iron rods for the tents and roads built for the festival area still remain and are open to the public, but there are no markers making any reference to what they were originally for.^[20] The dedicated Shahyad Tower remains as a major landmark in Tehran, although it was renamed Azadi Tower in 1979.

References

1. ^Amuzegar, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution, (1991), pp. 4, 9–12
2. ^Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, [no date], p. 163
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/201331_makale2.pdf|date=8 February 2013|title=Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment|author=Jubin M. GOODARZİ|accessdate=18 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020172459/http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/201331_makale2.pdf|archivedate=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41940097|title=The last great revolution : turmoil and transformation in Iran|last=1948-|first=Wright, Robin B.,|date=2000|publisher=A.A. Knopf|isbn=0375406395|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=41940097}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7975938|title=Iran between two revolutions|last=1940-|first=Abrahamian, Ervand,|date=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=069100790X|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=7975938}}
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108155019/iranian.com/CyrusKadivar/2002/January/2500/|title=We are awake. 2,500-year celebrations revisited| author=Kadivar C|date=25 January 2002|accessdate=23 October 2006}}
7. ^¹{{cite news| url=http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/schah-von-persien-1971-die-groesste-party-auf-erden-a-1089955.html |author=Nina Adler |title=Als der Schah zur größten Party auf Erden lud |publisher=Der Spiegel| language=de |date=February 14, 2017| accessdate=February 14, 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|last=Van Kemenade|first=Willem|title=Iran's relations with China and the West|url=http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20091100_cdsp_paper_kemenade_iran.pdf|work=Clingendael|accessdate=9 August 2013|date=November 2009}}
9. ^{{Cite book|last=Karkowski|first=Z.|last2=Harley|first2=J.|last3=Szymanksi|first3=F.|last4=Gable|first4=B.|year=2002|chapter=Liner Notes|title=Iannis Xenakis: Persepolis + Remixes|place=San Francisco|publisher=Asphodel LTD.}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/empire/imperialiran/persepolis1.html|title=The Persepolis Celebrations|accessdate=23 October 2006}}
11. ^British Museum explanatory notes, "Cyrus Cylinder": "For almost 100 years the cylinder was regarded as ancient Mesopotamian propaganda. This changed in 1971 when the Shah of Iran used it as a central image in his own propaganda celebrating 2500 years of Iranian monarchy. In Iran, the cylinder has appeared on coins, banknotes and stamps. Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran's cultural identity."
12. ^Neil MacGregor, "The whole world in our hands", in Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy, and Practice, p. 383–4, ed. Barbara T. Hoffman. Cambridge University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-521-85764-3}}
13. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news|last=Tait|first=Robert|title=Iran to rebuild spectacular tent city at Persepolis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/22/arts.iran|accessdate=8 August 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 September 2005|location=Persepolis}}
14. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20040302191209/http://badraie.com/guests.htm], spelt as "Kuo Mo-jo"
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gmw.cn/content/2004-08/24/content_85762.htm |title=忆父亲郭沫若 |last=庶英 |first=郭 |date=24 August 2004 |website=Guangming Online |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Naficy|first=Hamid|editor=Oliver Leaman|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmSFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|accessdate=15 February 2016|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134662524|page=140|chapter=Iranian Cinema}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Welles|first=Orson|title=This is Orson Welles|year=1998|publisher=Perseus Books Group|isbn=9780306808340|page=xxvii}}
18. ^{{cite journal|last=Watson|first=James A.F.|date=March 2015|title=Stop, look, and listen: orientalism, modernity, and the Shah’s quest for the West’s imagination|journal=The UBC journal of Political Studies|publisher=Department of Political Science at the University of British Columbia|location=Vancouver|volume=17|pages=22–36: 26–28|url=http://www.politics.ubc.ca/fileadmin/user_upload/poli_sci/Undergraduate/UBC_Journal_2015.pdf#page=22|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222192607/http://www.politics.ubc.ca/fileadmin/user_upload/poli_sci/Undergraduate/UBC_Journal_2015.pdf#page=22|archive-date=22 February 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Naficy|first=Hamid|title=A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 2: The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPtUfi3K_JYC&pg=PA139|accessdate=15 February 2016|date=2011-09-16|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822347743|page=139}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/2873/html/art.htm#s236631|author=Iran Daily|title=Team Named For Renovating Persepolis|date=23 June 2007|accessdate=9 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702012440/http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/2873/html/art.htm#s236631|archive-date=2 July 2007|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}