| 词条 | Jo'ara |
| 释义 |
Historical settlementA grave has been excavated here, yielding coins from Arcadius (395–408) and Theodosius II (408–450).[2] During the Ottoman era a Muslim village called Jarah existed in the area.[3] In 1596 the village appeared under the name of Ja'ara in tax registers, being part of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Sahil Atlit in the Sanjak (district) of Lajjun. It had a population of 4 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; the taxes totalled 2,000 akçe.[4] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Jarah as "a small village on the east side of the watershed, with four springs below it. There are rock-cut tombs, so that the place seems to be an ancient site."[5] They further noted that the tombs were blocked up.[6] A population list from about 1887 showed that J'arah had about 135 inhabitants, all Muslim.[7] In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jaara had a population of 94, all Muslims,[8] decreasing in the 1931 census to 62, still all Muslims, in a total of 14 houses.[9] In the 1930s, the Jewish National Fund bought the hill and the lands around it from the Salah family, who lived in Haifa and owned the agricultural village. In 1937 Jewish kibbutz members settled the hill, but left a year later, because the area wasn't big enough,[10] to a nearby area and established kibbutz Ein HaShofet.[11] Haganah and Israeli Defense Forces baseFrom 1938 onwards the hill, which was turned into a base, was used for the Haganah and Palmach commanders and instructors school.[11] During the 1948 war, the hill was used as the Haganah's base for attacks in the Battle of Mishmar HaEmek. After the war it was used as a training base for the Nahal program that combined military service and the establishment of agricultural settlements.[1] Between 1950 and 1967 it was used as the Golani Brigade's school for squad commanders.[1] Youth battalions (Gadna) baseFor 45 years, between 1970 and 2016, the hill served the Israeli Defense Forces' Youth Battalion's one-week familiarisation programme intended on preparing Israeli youth to their military service. High school students from all over Israel used to come to Jo'ara for a week of military training. The week includes field craft and weapon training as well as historical and moral courses, all in boot camp conditions and discipline. The teenagers experienced a routine military life, wearing military uniform and obeying orders from their commanders.[1] Jo'ara was chosen for a Gadna base because of the open fields, forests and the hills that surrounds it and are fit for military training. The base was inaugurated in 9 October 1970 in presence of high ranked IDF generals. In 1991, when the Gadna Command was dismantled and moved to the Education and Youth Corps, the base moved to the command of the Chief Education Officer.[1] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news|url=http://www.news1.co.il/Archive/0024-D-114939-00.html|title=Jo'ara Gadna Base Will Close Soon|last=Alon|first=Eli|date=3 October 2016|work=|access-date=|language=Hebrew}} 2. ^Dauphin, 1998, p. 702 3. ^meaning hyena, according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/146/mode/1up 146] 4. ^Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 158 5. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/42/mode/1up 42] 6. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/54/mode/1up 54] 7. ^Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n206/mode/1up 181] 8. ^Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n36/mode/1up 34] 9. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 92] 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Levi|first1=Eyal|title="ג'וערה הוא הווסט פוינט של המדינה, בושה שלא ממשיכים את המסורת" [Jo'ara is the "west point" of Israel, shame the tradition is not continued]|url=http://www.maariv.co.il/news/military/Article-615704|work=Ma'ariv|date=29 December 2017}} 11. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Shpigel|first1=Noa|title=פריצה לבסיס ג'וערה הנטוש הציתה תקווה לפתיחתו מחדש של מוזיאון ההגנה [Break to the abandoned Jo'ara base brought hope for re-opening of a Haganah museum]|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/local/.premium-1.4552677?v=37BE544882D72172593BBF2AFEBFE513|work=Haaretz|date=30 October 2017}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
1 : Hills of Israel |
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