| 词条 | John Bear (pirate) |
| 释义 |
| name = John Bear | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = John Philip Bear | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = English | citizenship = | education = | occupation = | years_active = | era = | known_for = | spouse = | children = | parents = | nickname = | alias = John Beare, Jean de Wer (in French service) | type = Privateer | allegiance = England (1684–1687), Spain (1687–1688), France (1689) | serviceyears = 1684–1689 | base of operations = Nevis, Havana, Puerto Rico, Vera Cruz, Petit-Goave | rank = Captain | commands = Unnamed sloop, frigate James | battles = | wealth = | laterwork = }}{{other people|John Bear}} John Philip Bear, last name also spelled Beare, was a 17th-century English pirate active in the Caribbean who also served with the Spanish and French. HistoryBear was granted a privateering commission in September 1684 by Governor William Stapleton of Nevis, which he used to attack Spanish ships despite the commission only giving him leave to attack Indians and pirates. The Dutch Governor of Curacao in January 1685 ordered Bear tried for capturing a Spanish ship while the Dutch were at peace with Spain, which Bear avoided.[1] However, in April 1686 Bear led a raid on Tortola, capturing slaves and abusing Dutch and English prisoners.[2] As a result, the Dutch abandoned Tortola's fledgling colony.[2] That July Stapleton renewed Bear's commission when Bear appeared in a different ship, claiming his former sloop was leaking which forced them to transfer to the frigate James.[3] Stapleton confirmed Bear's capture of the Spanish ship La Soldad in October; Bear claimed he had been searching for the ship that assaulted Tortola when La Soldad attacked him.[3] Captain St. Loe of HMS Dartmouth, the Royal Navy warship on station at Nevis, complained at length about Stapleton and Nevis' Deputy Governor Russell ("a great favourer of privateers"), who went out of their way to enable and protect Bear's piracies.[3] In turn Russell complained of St. Loe: "His insolence to me, and his abuses to all Deputy-Governors and Councils of these Islands want a better pen than mine to describe".[3] Governor Molesworth of Jamaica wrote in August 1687 that Bear had turned pirate, openly attacking English ships. Bear had transferred his allegiance to Spain, marrying a supposed noblewoman in Havana with much celebration.[4] Molesworth was not fooled: "The nobleman's daughter is a strumpet that he used to carry with him in man's apparel, and is the daughter of a rum-punch-woman of Port Royal".[3][5] Bear apparently had kept his soon-to-be wife aboard his ship, dressed in men's clothes.[6] Under Spanish colors he sailed as a guarda costa privateer, patrolling from Havana and Puerto Rico.[7]Molesworth dispatched HMS Guernsey "to demand the surrender of the pirate Bear, or failing that, to seek him out and destroy him", though the Spanish would not give him up.[3] Bear was still there by February 1688, and may have moved to Vera Cruz that May where he and others had captured at least six more English vessels. A rescued English prisoner claimed that after Bear swore allegiance to Spain his English crewmen refused to sail with him; Bear then took aboard a Spanish crew and threatened the Englishmen that they had to sail with him or face prison.[3] The Spanish plundered Santo Domingo and Anguilla in March 1689, again led by Bear.[8] After England allied with Spain thanks to King William's War, Bear continued to hunt English ships, having sailed to Petit Goave to take a French commission from the Comte de Blenac.[9] In French service he turned against his former Spanish sponsors, joining with Jean-Baptiste du Casse for a time, then sailing to France where he received a fresh commission before returning to the Caribbean and sacking Caracas.[7] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Fortescue|first1=JW|title=Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies {{!}} British History Online|date=1898|volume=11|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol11|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=en}} {{Pirates}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bear, John (pirate)}}2. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Cawley|first1=Charles|title=Colonies in Conflict: The History of the British Overseas Territories|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne UK|isbn=9781443881289|page=338|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXnWCgAAQBAJ|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=en}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|last1=Fortescue|first1=JW|title=Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies {{!}} British History Online|date=1899|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol12|volume=12|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=en}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Fictum|first1=David|title=Anne Bonny and Mary Read: Female Pirates and Maritime Women (Page Two)|url=https://csphistorical.com/2016/05/13/anne-bonny-and-mary-read-female-pirates-and-maritime-women-page-two/#_ftn4|website=Colonies, Ships, and Pirates|accessdate=18 August 2017|date=13 May 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol12/pp407-426|title=America and West Indies: August 1687|publisher=British History Online|accessdate=23 August 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Barber|first1=S.|title=The Disputatious Caribbean: The West Indies in the Seventeenth Century|date=2014|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9781137480019|page=146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jecaBgAAQBAJ|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=en}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Marley|first1=David|title=Pirates of the Americas|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara CA|isbn=9781598842012|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bU6ML_VnXTwC|accessdate=21 August 2017|language=en}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Fortescue|first1=JW|title=Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies {{!}} British History Online|date=1901|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol13|volume=13|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=en}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Little|first1=Benerson|title=Pirate Hunting: The Fight Against Pirates, Privateers, and Sea Raiders from Antiquity to the Present|date=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|location=Washington DC|isbn=9781597975889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MW8wMof8MGgC|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=en}} 5 : Year of birth missing|Year of death missing|English pirates|17th-century pirates|Caribbean pirates |
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