1. At the British Museum
    Portland Vase  Other works 

2. As a dealer

3. Personal life

4. Notes

5. References

6. Bibliography

John Doubleday (about 1798{{refn|group=note|Doubleday's year of birth, let alone date, is uncertain. Contemporary obituaries in The Athenæum and The Gentleman's Magazine describe his death as occurring in his fifty-seventh year,{{sfn|Athenæum|1856a|p=140}}{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1856|p=431}} which would indicate a birthday between January 1799 and January 1800. The 1851 census, recorded on 30 March,{{sfn|National Archives|2010}} puts his age at 53,{{sfn|Simon|2018}}{{sfn|English Census|1851}} consistent with a birthday between March 1797 and March 1798. Cemetery records from his burial record his age as 59,{{sfn|Simon|2018}} as does his headstone, indicating a birthday between January 1796 and January 1797.}} – 25{{nbsp}}January 1856) was a British craftsperson, restorer, and dealer in antiquities who was employed by the British Museum for the last 20 years of his life. He undertook several duties for the museum, not least as a witness in criminal trials, but was primarily their specialist restorer, perhaps the first person to hold the position. He is best known for his 1845 restoration of the severely-damaged Roman Portland Vase, an accomplishment that places him at the forefront of his profession at the time.

While at the British Museum, Doubleday also dealt in copies of coins, medals, and ancient seals. His casts in coloured sulphur and in white metal of works in both national and private collections, allowed smaller collections to hold copies at a fraction of the price that the originals would command. Thousands of his copies entered the collections of institutions and individuals. Yet the accuracy he achieved led to confusion with the originals; after his death he was labelled a forger, but with the caveat that "[w]hether he did copies with the intention of deceiving collectors or not is open to doubt".{{sfn|Forrer|1904}}

Little is known about Doubleday's upbringing or personal life. Several sources describe him as an American, including the 1851 United Kingdom census, which records him as a New York-born British subject. An obituary noted that he worked at a printer's shop for more than 20 years during his youth, which gave him the experience of casting type that he would employ in his later career as a copyist. Doubleday's early life, family, and education are otherwise unknown. He died in 1856, leaving a wife and five daughters, all English; the eldest child was born around 1833.

At the British Museum

From 1836 to 1856 Doubleday worked in the Department of Antiquities at the British Museum.{{sfn|British Museum Doubleday}} He appears to have been employed as a freelancer who also occasionally acted as an agent in sales to the museum.{{sfn|Simon|2018}} At times he presented the museum with items including coins, medals, and Egyptian objects.{{sfn|British Museum acquisitions|1848}} Among other donations, his 1830 gift of 2,433 casts of medieval seals was the only significant donation recorded by the museum that year,{{sfn|British Museum benefactors|1883|p=xxvii}}{{sfn|Fennell|1842|p=56}} he offered several coins and another 750 casts the following year,{{sfn|British Museum acquisitions|1833|pp=155, 212}} and in 1836, he presented the museum with a Henry Corbould lithograph of himself.{{sfn|British Museum acquisitions|1848}} A further presentation in 1837 was still considered, in 1996, to be one of the museum's most important collections of casts of seals.{{sfn|Harvey|McGuinness|1996|p=25}} He seems to have been the museum's primary, and perhaps its first, dedicated restorer;{{sfn|Oddy|1993|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Simon|2018}} his death was described as leaving the post vacant.{{sfn|Budge|1925|p=150}} At his death, it was noted that he was "chiefly employed in the reparation of innumerable works of art, which could not have been intrusted to more skilful or more patient hands",{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1856|p=431}} and that he "was well known as one of the most valuable servants of that department".{{sfn|Athenæum|1856a|p=140}}

Portland Vase

The highlight of Doubleday's career came after 7 February 1845 when a young man, who later admitted having spent the prior week "indulging in intemperance", smashed the Portland Vase, an example of Roman cameo glass and among the most famous glass items in the world,{{sfn|Journal of Glass Studies Foreword|1990}} into hundreds of pieces.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|p=65}} After his selection for the restoration, Doubleday commissioned a watercolour painting of the fragments by Thomas H. Shepherd.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|p=69}} No account of his restoration survives,{{sfn|Williams|1989|pp=5–6}} but on 1 May he discussed it in front of the Society of Antiquaries of London,{{sfn|Archaeologia Appendix|1846|p=500}}{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1846b|p=409}} and by 10 September he had glued the vase whole again.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|p=69}} Only 37 small splinters, most from the interior or thickness of the vase, were left out; the cameo base disc, which was found to be a modern replacement, was set aside for separate display.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|pp=69–71, 82–83}}{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1846a|p=41}} A new base disc of plain glass, with a polished exterior and matte interior, was diamond-engraved "Broke Feby 7th 1845 Restored Sept 10th 1845 By John Doubleday".{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|p=69}} The British Museum awarded Doubleday an additional £25 ({{Inflation|UK-GDP|25|1856|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-2}}) for his work.{{sfn|Wilson|2002|p=112}}

At the time the restoration was termed "masterly"{{sfn|Morning Post|1845}} and Doubleday was lauded by The Gentleman's Magazine for demonstrating "skilful ingenuity" and "cleverness ... sufficient to establish his immortality as the prince of restorers".{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1846a|p=41}} In 2006 William Andrew Oddy, a former keeper of conservation at the museum, noted that the achievement "must rank him in the forefront of the craftsmen-restorers of his time."{{sfn|Oddy|2006}} Doubleday's restoration would remain for more than 100 years until the adhesive grew increasingly discoloured.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|pp=82–84}}{{sfn|Williams|1989|pp=5–6, 29}} The vase was next restored by J. W. R. Axtell in 1948–1949, and then by Nigel Williams in 1988–1989.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|pp=82–84}}{{sfn|Williams|1989}}{{refn|group=note|A second reason for the second reconstruction was the rediscovery of the 37 pieces unincorporated by Doubleday.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|p=82}} Three of these, from the inside of the vase, were placed by Axtell.{{sfn|Painter|Whitehouse|1990|p=83}} By the end of the Williams reconstruction, only 17 fragments remained.{{sfn|Williams|1989|p=19}}}}

Other works

Beyond his work on the Portland Vase, several other of Doubleday's responsibilities at the British Museum have been recorded.{{sfn|Simon|2018}} In 1851 he successfully undid damaging restoration work by William Thomas Brande of the Royal Mint, who in using acid to clean bronze bowls from Nimrud had caused extreme oxidation.{{sfn|Reade|2008|pp=19–20}} Doubleday's method, described at the time only as "a very simple process and without employing acids", is unknown, but may have used warm water with soap.{{sfn|Reade|2008|p=20}}

Doubleday was again called upon when, between 1850 and 1855, the museum received clay tablets from excavations in Babylonia and Assyria.{{sfn|Budge|1925|pp=147–148}} Some were poorly packaged and had developed crystalline deposits rendering the writing illegible.{{sfn|Budge|1925|pp=147–148}} Under the direction of Samuel Birch, then the keeper of the Department of Oriental Antiquities, Doubleday attempted to remove the deposits.{{sfn|Budge|1925|pp=xviii, 148}} The results were described by E. A. Wallis Budge, former keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities at the museum, as "disastrous",{{sfn|Budge|1925|pp=ii, 148}} but by modern reasoning as "prescient", for though unsuccessful, the underlying methods were subsequently refined by others.{{sfn|Reade|2017|p=182}} Doubleday first attempted to harden the tablets by firing them, but this resulted in the flaking of the surfaces, destroying the inscriptions.{{sfn|Budge|1925|p=148}} His second attempt, submerging the tablets in solutions, also resulted in disintegration, at which point Birch suspended the efforts entirely.{{sfn|Budge|1925|pp=148–149}} Later attempts by other conservators in firing similar tablets were more successful; mainstream acceptance today is more tempered by concerns about reversibility than by concerns about efficacy.{{sfn|Reade|2017|p=197}} Doubleday is regarded as the inventor of this method, and his failures may have been caused by raising or lowering the temperature too quickly.{{sfn|Reade|2017|pp=182, 184}}

Doubleday twice served as a witness in criminal matters.{{sfn|Simon|2018}}{{sfn|Westgarth|2009|p=89}} In 1841 he testified about his analysis of a gold medal during a trial concerning its theft.{{sfn|Westgarth|2009|p=89}}{{sfn|Old Bailey Proceedings|1841}} Eight years later Doubleday again testified, in March and April 1849, in a matter concerning the theft of coins from the museum.{{sfn|Simon|2018}}{{sfn|Morning Post|1849}} Early in February, Timolean Vlasto, a fashionable twenty-four-year-old from Vienna whose late father, Count Vlasto, had been a diplomat,{{sfn|Pembrokeshire Herald|1849}}{{sfn|Akerman|1850}}{{sfn|The Era|1849}} had been introduced to Charles Newton (later Sir Charles) by a friend, who described Vlasto as a person interested in coins.{{sfn|Morning Post|1849}}{{sfn|Akerman|1850}}{{refn|group=note|Sixteen years later, while writing about catching a servant in the act of stealing from him, Newton would declare that "I have not seen so livid and hideous a complexion since the day when Timoleon Pericles Vlastò was detected stealing coins from the British Museum."{{sfn|Newton|1865|p=17}}}} Vlasto was given unfettered access to the museum's collection.{{sfn|Morning Post|1849}}{{sfn|Akerman|1850}} Suspicions were aroused on 24 March, and on Monday the 26th a label was found on the floor; the coin that it described was missing.{{sfn|Morning Post|1849}} Upon inspection many more coins could not be found, but some were recovered when a search warrant for Vlasto's lodgings was obtained on Thursday.{{sfn|Morning Post|1849}}{{sfn|The Spectator|1849a}} Doubleday was called to testify on Thursday or Friday; he stated that some of the coins exactly matched sulphur casts which he had made before the theft, and that the market value was between £3,000 and £4,000.{{sfn|Morning Post|1849}} Vlasto, who was remanded without bail, claimed that the majority of the coins discovered were not the museum's.{{sfn|Morning Post|1849}}{{sfn|Morning Chronicle|1849}} On 17 April Doubleday again testified, identifying two more coins as belonging to the museum.{{sfn|The Era|1849}}{{sfn|Bury and Norwich Post|1849}}{{sfn|The Spectator|1849b}} In early May Vlasto pleaded guilty to the theft of 266 coins from the museum, valued at £500, and another 71, valued at £150, from the house of General Charles Richard Fox.{{sfn|Akerman|1850}}{{sfn|The Examiner|1849}} Vlasto's lawyer termed him a monomaniac who was only interested in collecting, not selling.{{sfn|Akerman|1850}} The pleas met little sympathy.{{sfn|Macaulay|2008|p=64}} Vlasto was sentenced by the Central Criminal Court to seven years transportation to Australia,{{sfn|Akerman|1850}}{{sfn|Maitland Mercury|1849}}{{sfn|Old Bailey Proceedings|1849}} and in early 1851 was placed on board the Lady Kennaway for the journey.{{sfn|Pickup|2017}}

As a dealer

Apart from his work at the British Museum, Doubleday was a dealer and a copyist of coins, medals, and ancient seals.{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1856|p=431}} He sold sulphur and white metal casts, the former coloured in different hues, at his establishment,{{sfn|Silliman|1835|p=75}} which, located near the British Museum, may have helped facilitate his employment there.{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1856|p=431}} He also sold curiosities,{{sfn|Simon|2018}} such as cabinets, snuff boxes, and lead seals purportedly made from materials taken from the charred ruins of the Palace of Westminster with the consent of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests,{{sfn|Sotheby's catalogue|1839|p=26}}{{sfn|Archaeologia Presents|1836|p=490}}{{sfn|Shenton|2015}}{{sfn|Millett snuff box}}{{sfn|Millett lead seal}} and pieces of wood said to be from a tree planted by Shakespeare.{{sfn|Millett Shakespeare's tree}} In 1835 Doubleday advertised for sale copies of 6000 Greek coins, 2050 bronze, 1000 silver, and 500 gold Roman coins, and 300 Roman medallions,{{sfn|Silliman|1835|p=75}} in addition to other antiquities and what Doubleday termed "the most extensive Collection of Casts in Sulphur of ancient seals ever formed".{{sfn|Akerman|1834}} By 1851 he had casts of more than 10,000 seals,{{sfn|Winkles|Winkles|1851|p=vii n.14}} and at his death it was said that he "possessed the largest collection of casts of seals in England, probably in the world."{{sfn|Sims|1861|p=299}} This comprehensiveness led to his contribution to the 1848 Monumenta Historica Britannica of a descriptive catalogue of Roman coins relating to Britain.{{sfn|Petrie|Sharpe|Hardy|1848|pp=clii–clxxiii}} More unique pieces he sometimes exhibited, either himself or by loan to Sir Henry Ellis, to the Society of Antiquaries of London.{{sfn|Archaeologia Appendix|1836|pp=460–461}}{{sfn|Vincent|2015|p=10 n.23}}{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1836|p=81}}{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1845|p=176}}{{sfn|Archaeologia Appendix|1847|p=408}} Doubleday's casts came from a range of places;{{sfn|Silliman|1835|pp=75–77}}{{sfn|Green|1857|p=148 n.3}}{{sfn|Madden|1856|p=367 n.5}} on good terms with a variety of institutions and collectors, he was permitted to take casts at will from the collections of the British Museum and the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris.{{sfn|Silliman|1835|pp=75–77}}{{sfn|British Museum Select Committee|1836|p=490}}{{sfn|Mechanics' Magazine|1837}}

Doubleday's casts were inexpensive, and sold widely.{{sfn|Silliman|1835|p=75}}{{sfn|Rose|1850–1851|pp=158–159, 165}} He was well known among collectors,{{sfn|H.|1837|p=338}}{{sfn|Brown|1845|p=30}}{{sfn|Notes and Queries|1858}} and also sold to lyceums; University College London filled out their collection with his casts, finding them cost-effective substitutes for study.{{sfn|Silliman|1835|p=75}} This same appearance of realism saw some of Doubleday's copies passed off as real.{{sfn|Numismatic Chronicle|1849|p=136}}{{sfn|Williams|1993}} Doubleday was cast as a forger in Leonard Forrer's 1904 Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, though with the caveat that "[w]hether he did copies with the intention of deceiving collectors or not is open to doubt".{{sfn|Forrer|1904}}{{refn|group=note|By the 1923 edition, references to Doubleday being a forger were removed from the dictionary.{{sfn|Forrer|1923}}}}

Personal life

Little is known about Doubleday's personal life,{{sfn|Simon|2018}} and nothing about his upbringing or education.{{sfn|Oddy|2006}} An 1859 edition of The English Cyclopædia described him as American,{{sfn|Knight|1859|p=378}}{{refn|group=note|Doubleday was also noted as being one of two with the same surname employed at the British Museum at the same time; the other, Edward Doubleday, was an unrelated English entomologist.{{sfn|Knight|1859|p=378}}}} and the 1851 census as a New York-born "artist" who was nonetheless a British subject, married to one Elizabeth and father of five daughters,{{sfn|Simon|2018}} all Londoners.{{sfn|English Census|1851}} His eldest daughter, also an Elizabeth, was born around 1833, suggesting that Doubleday and his wife had married by then.{{sfn|Simon|2018}}

Doubleday worked at a printer's shop in his youth for more than 20 years, according to his obituary in The Athenæum, giving him experience through making type in the casting of metal and other materials.{{sfn|Athenæum|1856a|p=140}} Subsequently, he began copying medals, ancient seals, and coins,{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1856|p=431}}{{sfn|Simon|2018}} occasionally devising new methods of doing so;{{sfn|Burgon|1841}}{{sfn|Winkles|Winkles|1851|p=vii n.14}} he also prepared castings for the Royal Mint, and become a founding member of the Royal Numismatic Society.{{sfn|Simon|2018}}{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1856|p=431}}{{sfn|Carson|1986|pp=3, 5–6, 59}} By 1832 he was listed in directories under the heading "Curiosity, shell & picture dealers", and as a dealer in ancient seals.{{sfn|Simon|2018}} As well as his work at the British Museum, he may have been a collector.{{sfn|British Museum Doubleday}}

According to the obituary in The Athenæum, Doubleday died "after a long illness" on 25 January 1856, "in the fifty-seventh year of his age".{{sfn|Athenæum|1856a|p=140}} The illness was termed "extreme" by colleagues, such that he was unreachable for months.{{sfn|Walford|Way|1856|pp=70–71}} Obituaries were published in The Athenæum and The Gentleman's Magazine,{{sfn|Athenæum|1856a|p=140}}{{sfn|Gentleman's Magazine|1856|p=431}}{{refn|group=note|The latter was republished in The Annual Register the following year.{{sfn|The Annual Register|1857|p=235}}}} and he was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.{{sfn|Simon|2018}} His will was made only six days before his death.{{sfn|Simon|2018}} His entire estate was left to Elizabeth Bewsey, the daughter of a deceased bookkeeper; she was apparently not the Elizabeth to whom Doubleday was married, making it a bequest that seemingly left nothing for his wife or daughters.{{sfn|Simon|2018}} His library was sold by Sotheby's that April.{{sfn|Simon|2018}}{{sfn|Athenæum|1856b}} The 322 lots combined to fetch £228 2s6d ({{Inflation|UK-GDP|228|1856|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Sotheby's catalogue|1856|p=20}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

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• {{Cite book | ref = harv | editor-last = Knight | editor-first = Charles | editor-link = Charles Knight (publisher) | title = The English Cyclopædia: Arts and Sciences | edition = | volume = II | date = 1859 | publisher = Bradbury & Evans | location = London | pages = 368–403 | chapter = British Museum, The | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3hBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA4-PA372 }} {{open access}}
• {{cite book | ref = {{harvid|British Museum acquisitions|1848}} | last = | first = | title = List of Additions in the Natural History, Antiquities, and Prints of the British Museum in the Years MDCCCXXXVI – MDCCCXXXIX | date = 1848 | publisher = George Woodfall and Son | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dKlPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 }} {{open access}}
• {{cite book | ref = {{harvid|British Museum acquisitions|1833}} | last = | first = | title = List of Additions Made to the Collections in the British Museum in the Year MDCCCXXXI | date = 1833 | publisher = George Woodfall and Son | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xmlWAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA155 }} {{open access}}
• {{cite book | ref = {{harvid|British Museum benefactors|1883}} | last = | first = | title = A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the British Museum, Bloomsbury | date = 1883 | publisher = Trustees of the British Museum | location = London | pages = xxi–xxxvi | chapter = List of Benefactors to the British Museum from Whom Donations of Magnitude Have Been Received | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OOhPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR27 }} {{open access}}
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• {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Madden | first = Frederic | author-link = Frederic Madden | date = 1856 | title = Remarks on the Anglo-Saxon Charters Granted to the Abbey of St. Denis, in France, and on the Seals Attached to them | journal = The Archaeological Journal | volume = XIII | issue = | pages = 355–371 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rtFy2i3L0m8C&pg=PA355 }} {{open access}}
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• {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|Millett lead seal}} | last = Millett | first = Timothy | title = St. Stephens Westminster | date = | publisher = Timothy Millett Limited | url = http://www.historicmedals.com/viewItem.php?no=1574 | accessdate = 2 April 2018 }} {{free access}}
• {{cite journal | ref = {{harvid|Athenæum|1856b}} | last = | first = | date = 26 April 1856 | title = Miscellaneous and Numismatic Library of the late Mr. John Doubleday, also some Etruscan Vases and Miscellaneous Articles | journal = The Athenæum | volume = | issue = 1487 | page = 507 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SIkW46mgrAcC&pg=PA507 }} {{open access}}
• {{cite journal | ref = {{harvid|Mechanics' Magazine|1837}} | last = | first = | date = 4 February 1837 | title = Mr. John Doubleday | journal = Mechanics' Magazine | volume = XXVII | issue = 704 | page = 339 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cI9fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA339 }} {{open access}}
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• {{cite journal | ref = {{harvid|Archaeologia Presents|1836}} | last = | first = | date = 1836 | title = Presents to the Society | journal = Archaeologia | volume = XXVI | issue = | pages = 487–499 | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039572485;view=1up;seq=618 }} {{open access}}
• {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Reade | first = Julian Edgeworth | editor1-last = Curtis | editor1-first = John E. | editor2-last = McCall | editor2-first = Henrietta | editor3-last = Collon | editor3-first = Dominique | editor4-last = al-Gailani Werr | editor4-first = Lamia | title = New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference, 11th–13th March 2002 | date = 2008 | publisher = British Institute for the Study of Iraq | location = London | pages = 1–21 | chapter = Nineteenth-Century Nimrud: Motivation, Orientation, Conservation | url = http://www.bisi.ac.uk/sites/bisi.localhost/files/Curtis_et_al_New_Light_On_Nimrud.pdf | isbn = 978-0-903472-24-1 | lastauthoramp = yes }} {{free access}}
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• {{cite book | ref = {{harvid|British Museum Select Committee|1836}} | last = | first = | title = Report from the Select Committee on British Museum | date = 1836 | publisher = House of Commons | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3CZSkRYubcwC&pg=PA490 }} {{open access}}
• {{cite news | ref = {{harvid|Bury and Norwich Post|1849}} | last = | first = | title = The Robbery of Coins at the British Museum | newspaper = The Bury and Norwich Post | location = Bury, Suffolk | department = Domestic Intelligence | page = 1 | date = 25 April 1849 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18643477 | via = Newspapers.com }} {{open access}}
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• {{cite news | ref = {{harvid|The Examiner|1849}} | last = | first = | title = Robbery of Coins at the British Museum | newspaper = The Examiner | location = London | department = Central Criminal Court | page = 300 | issue = 2,154 | date = 12 May 1849 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18679568 | via = Newspapers.com }} {{open access}}
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