“John Graham (pirate)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

John Graham (fl. 1683-1686, last name also Grayham) was an English pirate active off New England and the African coast.

History

A merchant captain operating out of Port Royal, Jamaica in June 1683 reported being captured by Graham, and traveled to Boston to deliver a deposition against him.^[1] Jamaican Governor Thomas Lynch wrote a year later that Graham was not from Jamaica but was “chief pirate” among the locals.^[2]

“Doctor John Graham” was recorded as a ship’s doctor aboard a vessel which left Jamaica in 1684 on a trading and privateering mission. Graham led a mutiny, marooning the previous commander and turning the ship to piracy.^[3] A captured sailor reported, “Thence they sailed for Virginia and New England, thence to the Guinea Coast (Gambia), and back to Carolina, where she was wrecked.”^[4] They had taken several ships off Sierra Leone,^[5] possibly under a different captain,^[4] possibly under Graham.^[3]

After arriving back off the American coast, Graham was captured and jailed in Nantucket.^[6] He escaped with the help of some Cape Cod locals.^[7] Connecticut and Rhode Island officials put out alerts and warned officers to be ready to arrest him.^[8]

Later in 1685 merchant Captain John Prentice put into New London, Connecticut, where a sloop under Captain Veale anchored by his ship. Onshore he observed Veale and his cargo master trying to buy cannons.^[9] Another merchant captain recognized Veale as a pirate who’d attacked him off Virginia and alerted the authorities, causing Veale to sail away.^[10] Prentice set sail a few days later, noticing Veale’s sloop alongside a 14-man shallop,^[11] which he saw was commanded by Graham.^[11] They pursued Prentice, exchanging cannon fire until Prentice was able to escape under cover of a thunderstorm. He sailed to Boston, where Graham’s reputation preceded him, and informed officials that Graham and Veale were nearby.^[12] Boston authorities sent out a privateer barque under Samson Waters to arrest them,^[13] but the pirates had made a getaway toward Cape Ann.^[11]

In 1686 Graham and Veale were still sailing in concert, cruising off New England. Samson Waters was again commissioned by Massacuhsetts to hunt them down, again unsuccessfully.^[6]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=acadianroots: Abraham Boudreau|url=http://acadianroots.blogspot.com/2009/03/abraham-boudreau.html|website=acadianroots|accessdate=24 August 2017|date=6 March 2009}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Fortescue|first1=J.W.|title=America and West Indies: June 1684 {{!}} British History Online|date=1898|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|pages=645–664|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol11/pp645-664|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
3. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Cordingly|first1=David|title=Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates|date=2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|location=New York|isbn=9780307763075|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnoi6SM1u5cC|accessdate=28 July 2017|language=en}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Fortescue|first1=J.W.|title=America and West Indies: June 1685 {{!}} British History Online|date=1899|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|pages=47–61|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol12/pp47-61|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Kup|first1=Alexander Peter|title=A History of Sierra Leone, 1400-1787|date=1961|publisher=CUP Archive|location=London|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wuc7AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
6. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Radune|first1=Richard A.|title=Pequot Plantation: The Story of an Early Colonial Settlement|date=2005|publisher=Research in Time Publications|location=Branford CT|isbn=9780976434108|pages=245–247|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l1ebdXYh3EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Smith-Johnson|first1=Robin|title=Legends & Lore of Cape Cod|date=2016|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Charleston SC|isbn=9781625856753|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HS0LDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Trumbull|first1=J. Hammond|title=The public records of the colony of Connecticut [1636-1776] ...: transcribed and published, (in accordance with a resolution of the general assembly) ...|date=1859|publisher=Brown & Parsons|location=Hartford CT|pages=154–155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17k-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Pirates Slip into Massachusetts Bay|url=https://footnotessincethewilderness.wordpress.com/2010/07/07/pirates-slip-into-massachusetts-bay/|website=Footnotes Since the Wilderness|accessdate=24 August 2017|date=7 July 2010}}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Little|first1=Benerson|title=The Buccaneer's Realm: Pirate Life on the Spanish Main, 1674-1688|date=2007|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|location=Dulles VA|isbn=9781612343617|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BF1i1dRF7zAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
11. ^¹²{{cite book|last1=Marley|first1=David|title=Pirates of the Americas|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara CA|isbn=9781598842012|pages=154, 392–393|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bU6ML_VnXTwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1=Dow|first1=George Francis|last2=Edmonds|first2=John Henry|title=The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630-1730|date=2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|location=New York|isbn=9780486138145|pages=27–29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr_IV8Yq78wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Savage|first1=James|last2=Farmer|first2=John|last3=Dexter|first3=Orrando Perry|title=A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England|date=1862|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston|page=345|edition=S-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jljl0jkEoegC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 August 2017|language=en}}