| 词条 | Joint Operation Arvand |
| 释义 |
| name = Joint Operation Arvand | partof = the Persian Gulf Conflict and the Cold War | image = Incident on Shatt al-Arab.png | caption = Location of the operation | scope = | type = Show of force | location = Arvandrud river, Iran–Iraq border | coordinates = | map_type = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_label = | planned = | planned_by = | commanded_by = | objective = Escorting Iranian shipping | target = | date = 22–25 April 1969 | time = | time-begin = | time-end = | timezone = | executed_by = {{flagcountry|Pahlavi dynasty|1964}}
| outcome = Iranian victory
| casualties = None | fatalities = | injuries = }} The Joint Operation Arvand ({{lang-fa|عملیات مشترک اروند}}, more known by its Persian acronym AMA, {{lang|fa|عما}})[4] was a show of force operation[2] orchestrated in April 1969 by the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces following Iraqi claim for the sovereign right to Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud and threatening to block passage of vessels unless they fly Iraqi flag.[5] On 22 April 1969, Iranian merchant ship Ebn-e-Sina, carrying a cargo of steel beams and flying Iranian flag, was escorted by Iranian heavily armed naval vessels, as well as jet fighters[5] and proceeded through the river into the Persian Gulf, in an 80-mile journey which took about six hours.[1] However, the Iraqi forces did not attempt to respond as it pledged.[5] Both countries strengthened their land forces along the river bank, stationing artillery, tanks and anti-aircraft weapons. Iranian troops were positioned in the vicinity of Khorramshahr and Abadan, while Iraq put its forces in Basra on alert.[5] Iranian freighter Arya Far passed through the river escorted by four gunboats three days later, with no disturbance.[6] References1. ^1 {{citation|title=Iranian Ship Challenges Iraq Estuary|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/143279868/|date=27 April 1969|access-date=26 October 2017|work=The Advocate-Messenger|page=16}} {{iran-hist-stub}}{{iraq-hist-stub}}2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Ward|first1=Steven R.|year=2014|title=Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=9781626160651|page=202}} 3. ^{{citation|title=Iran, Iraq Still Fail to Bridge Waterway Dispute|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-19/news/mn-739_1_shatt-al-arab|date=19 August 1988|access-date=26 October 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Charles P. Wallace}} 4. ^{{citation|title=Dialogue With General Hassani Sadi|language=Persian|journal=Negin-e-Iran|volume=3|issue=9|date=Summer 2004|url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_4644.html|pages=8–40}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Abdulghani|first1=Jasim M.|year=2012|title=Iraq and Iran (RLE Iran A)|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136834264|page=121}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Stürchler|first1=Nikolas|year=2007|title=The Threat of Force in International Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139464918|page=202}} 5 : Wars involving Iran|Wars involving Iraq|Iran–Iraq relations|20th-century conflicts|Conflicts in 1969 |
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