“Jones-Liddell feud”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Jones-Liddell feud (1847-1870) also known as the Liddell-Jones feud or the Black River War was an ongoing warring dispute between two prominent families from Catahoula Parish, Louisiana. It resulted in the death of at least six people with other estimates suggesting as many as fourteen.

Background

Personal allegiances to one faction or another, as well as sensationalized press accounts during and after the series of events provide for a variance of details concerning the Jones-Liddell feud. It was born however from disagreements between two individuals; Gen. St. John Richardson Liddell and Lt. Col. Charles Jones. Each of these men were members of the Whig Party in the 1850s, and held significant wealth leading up to the Civil War.^[1] Liddell was the second largest slave owner in Catahoula parish, with 115 slaves, while Jones owned 101 slaves. Each served as the patriarch of his respective family, with children who also would become participants in the feud. Both of these rivaling plantation owners arrived in Catahoula Parish at approximately the same time (1837-1840), and each would later serve in the Confederate Army. Following the war however, Liddell remained a loyal Democrat and defender of the southern cause. Jones however, became a Republican convert, at a time when the federal government installed Republican loyalists in government across the state.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=203}}

General Liddell was the son of a wealthy plantation owner from Wilkinson County, Mississippi. After reaching the age of adulthood, he moved to Catahoula Parish on the Black River, and constructed a plantation which he named "Llanada" near Harrisonburg, Louisiana. Liddell had attended West Point, and was a personal friend of future Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

Col. Jones was born in Kentucky, married in Ohio, and eventually settled in Catahoula Parish and established a plantation named "Troy," also on the Black River, approximately five miles south of Liddell's plantation. Jones was second in command of the 17th Volunteer Louisiana Infantry, but was injured early in the war.^[2]

The Feud Begins

The most widely accepted account of how the feud began involves a neighboring family to both Liddell and Jones. Phillip and Eliza Nichols, who were personal friends of the Liddell family, owned a prominent piece of land that Col. Jones greatly coveted. Most accounts suggest that Jones had publicly maligned the character and virtue of Mrs. Nichols. Mrs. Eliza Nichols made a personal request for General Liddell to accompany her in confronting Col. Jones about his efforts to disparage her character. Gen. Liddell agreed and together they confronted Col. Jones at his home. As Mrs. Nichols approached Col. Jones however, she pulled out a pistol and shot him in the face; an action that General Liddell claimed he did not expect from her, nor have prior knowledge of.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=23}}

Col. Jones was injured, but the gunshot did not kill him. Rather than holding Mrs. Nichols as the responsible party for his injury, he solely placed the blame on General Liddell. As Col. Jones rested at home in recovery, rumors began to escalate that Jones was plotting a revenge attack on Liddell and his family. The tensions would continue to escalate, and each family found themselves consumed with fortifying their respective plantations, and stocking up on guns and ammunition. Residents in the community feverishly fueled these tensions, and unofficial factions began to form throughout the area.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=24}}

Col. Jones' Temporary Absence

Tensions between the two feuding families found a temporary reprieve, when Col. Jones and his wife left for Ohio for a period of four years. Many accounts suggest that Col. Jones continued to send threats to Liddell during this time, stating his intention to return and kill him. In 1852, Jones made his return to his plantation on the Black River, accompanied by hired assassins, including one notoriously known as such by the name of Richard Pryor.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=24}}

The Feud Reignites

With Jones' return to Catahoula Parish, aided by what appeared to be hired guns, and encouraged by friends who sided with the Jones family, the feud once again stoked tensions in the region.

A nephew of Col. Jones by the name of Sam Smith added his name to the list of those publicly professing he would kill General Liddell.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=24}}

One account suggests that on Election Day, Pryor and Smith waited for Liddell behind trees on what they believed was a path Liddell would be traveling en route to cast his vote. Another friend of Col. Jones by the name of Henry Huntington went to Liddell's "Llanada" and discharged his pistol. He then publicly called General Liddell a coward, and challenged him to a duel to be held on the Texas state line. Liddell however believed the challenge was merely another attempt towards assassination, should Liddell travel to the Texas line, and therefore declined.

Yet another Jones sympathizer by the name of Samuel Glenn made public threats against Liddell and his family. Liddell was tipped off that Glenn and Pryor were in town, and had plans at yet another attempt on his life. On June 26, 1852, Samuel Glen and a neighbor of Liddell's by the name of Moses Wiggins were ambushed by the road near "Trinity." Liddell professes to having killed them both, but admitted he mistook Moses Wiggins for Pryor. Though Wiggins too had been a Jones sympathizer, Liddell actually killed him by mistake. Liddell was arrested for murder.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=25}}

Liddell's Arrest for Murder

Liddell's friends and allies defended his actions due to the well established public threats that had been levied toward his life. Liddell hired well established attorneys from both Natchez, as well as Louisiana. Despite two grand juries, Liddell was finally acquitted in 1854.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=25}}

Civil War

The feud quieted down as a result of the American Civil War. Both Liddell and Jones each enlisted in support of the Confederate cause.

After the War

Following the crippling defeat of the Confederate States, both Liddell and Jones each returned home to try and salvage the once prosperous plantations. The economic fate of each man would be determined over the next five years largely by the political choices each made.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=203}}

General Liddell was a staunch and loyal Democrat, who remained opposed to the Kellogg government. Col. Jones on the other hand, sensing a need to protect his estate and future fortunes, became a new convert for the Republicans. The reach of the Kellogg government reached all the way down to the local level, where in Catahoula Parish, the Sheriff and the Judge were placed in their positions of power as known Kellogg loyalists.

As a result, many local citizens expressed their opposition to Republican rule by siding with General Liddell. Col. Jones on the other hand, found certain advantages of his own by being politically connected to those in power with the Kellogg government.

Economic Ruin for Liddell

When Liddell returned to "Llanada" after the war, it was on the verge of financial ruins. No longer able to utilize slave labor, and with banks setup by northerners lending money at high interest rates, Liddell faced complete ruin, and would ultimately see his beloved Llanada forced into a sale at public auction, in order to cover Liddell's debts.

Col. Jones on the other hand did not face the same economic fate. When Liddell's Llanada was placed up for auction, Jones began to negotiate with a third party to purchase the place. Upon discovering Jones' interest in acquiring his property, Liddell sent a warning to Jones, intimating bluntly that he could not stand for Jones to seize the property which held the graves of his dead family. Once again, tensions became heated between the two factions.

Assassination of General Liddell

Both Liddell and Jones were frequent visitors to New Orleans, which could be reached by riverboat with moderate ease. In 1870, Liddell had boarded the steamer on the Black River heading to New Orleans. The captain knew that Col. Jones had coincidentally also planned a trip to New Orleans and would be boarding the steamer. Sensing potential trouble ahead, he alerted General Liddell of this news. Liddell at once had him send word to Jones that he should not board the steamer. Upon receiving this news, Jones at once gathered his sons and took off by horseback to a loading dock south of his own landing.^[3]

When the steamer pulled in at that place, Gen. Liddell was seated having lunch, unaware of the pending danger. Jones and his sons boarded the steamer and drew their weapons on Liddell. Upon seeing their entry, the captain alerted Liddell at once that the men were coming to murder him. Liddell rose to draw his weapon in defense, but Jones and his sons fired away, killing General Liddell instantly.^[3]{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=205}}

Jones' Arrest and Liddell's Allies Seek Revenge

Upon hearing the news of General Liddell's death, shock and horror enveloped the entire region. Col. Jones and his sons were placed under arrest, but Sheriff Oliver Ballard, a Republican ally of Jones, allowed them to remain in custody at his personal home.^[4]

Days after the murder of General Liddell, his son Moses "Judge" Liddell was traveling on a steamer near the Sheriff's home where Jones and his sons had been placed under house arrest. While passing this place, Moses Liddell saw Col. Jones walking down near the river, and at once raised his gun and took aim. He fired upon Jones, making no excuse for himself other than retribution for the murder of his father. Moses Liddell's shot however did not kill Col. Jones.^[4]

Ultimately, the residents of the area by this point demanded retribution, but sensed none was in order due to Jones' Republican political ties. A mob soon formed, and they stormed the place where Jones and his sons were being held. The mob ultimately killed Col. Jones, as well as his son William. Others found at the place were spared. One son of Jones, Cuthbert Bullitt, slipped out of a second story window, and held on to the ledge, so as not to be found. His life was spared as a result.^[4]

The Feud Ends

The deaths from the feud came to an end as a result of the mob's actions. General Liddell was buried at Llanada plantation. Col. Jones and his son were both interred on the family cemetery at his Everly Plantation.^[5]

Aftermath

The community of Jonesville, Louisiana was established near Everly plantation, after Jones' widow helped establish it. The area had been known as Trinity, but Jonesville became her name of choice for the new town.{{sfnp|Liddell's Record|1997|p=21}}

Moses "Judge" Liddell moved his family from the area, taking residence in Richland Parish on the banks of Boeuf River. There he was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives. He later moved to Monroe, and was appointed by Democratic President Grover Cleveland as a justice on the Supreme Court of territorial Montana.^[6]

Cuthburt Jones, having narrowly survived the lynch mob, made a trip to Washington, where he met with President Grant and relayed the tragic events of the feud. Being loyal and sympathetic to Jones as a fellow Republican, Grant appointed him as a consul to Tripoli in 1876. Louisiana Democrats later called upon President Cleveland to rescind Cuthbert's consul appointment in 1885, alleging he was a "known murderer."^[7] He would go on however to have a distinguished career as a foreign diplomat, including time as the consul to Peru. Cuthbert Bullit Jones died in South America in 1905.^[8]^[9]

Francois Jones, the youngest son of Col. Jones, also left Louisiana as a result of the feud. He became a prominent citizen in Washington, D.C, but was drowned while attempting to cross a turbulent river near there in 1900.^[10]

In 2008, descendants of the family and residents of the surrounding areas gathered for a re-enactment of the events that took place in the Jones-Liddell feud.^[11]