| 词条 | Joseph Jenckes Sr. |
| 释义 |
| image = | caption = | name = Joseph Jenckes Sr. | baptized = August 26, 1599 St. Ann Blackfriars, London, England | death_date = {{death date and age|1683|3|16|1599|8|26}} | death_place = Lynn, Massachusetts Bay Colony | occupation = Cutler, smithy, inventor | known_for = First machine patent in America | spouse ={{Unbulleted list |Joan Hearne |Elizabeth {{small|(unknown surname)}} }} | children = | father = John Jenckes Sr. | mother = Sarah Fulwater | residence ={{Unbulleted list|England | {{small|London, 1599}} | {{small|Hounslow, {{circa|1628}}}} }}{{Unbulleted list|New England | {{small| Kittery, {{circa|1643}} }} | {{small| Lynn, {{circa|1645}} }} }}}} Joseph Jenckes Sr. (baptized August 26, 1599 – March 16, 1683, also spelled Jencks and Jenks, was a sword cutler, blacksmith, mechanic, and inventor who was instrumental in establishing the Saugus Iron Works in Massachusetts Bay Colony where he was granted the first machine patent in America. Early lifeJoseph Jenckes was baptized on {{date|1599-08-26|MDY}}, at St. Ann Blackfriars, London. His parents were John Jenckes Sr. (b. {{circa|1556}}) and Sarah Fulwater (b. 1573), both of St. Ann Blackfriars parish. He had an older sister, Sarah (b. 1597), and at least two older half brothers, John Jenckes Jr. ({{circa|1576}}–{{circa|1626}}) and Jonas Jenckes ({{circa|1580}}–1622). His patrilineal line has been traced to 15th-century Shropshire.{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|p=174}}{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|pp=6, 12–23}} Joseph Jenckes was raised in a family of cutlers and trade guilds members. His father, John Jenckes Sr., and his half brothers, John and Jonas, were cutlers and members of the Worshipful Company of White Bakers, a London guild for bakers of light-grain bread. Jenckes's maternal grandfather, German immigrant Henry Fulwater ({{circa|1545}}–1603), was a cutler and a member of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers.{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|pp=12–23}} London guilds—called livery companies—regulated trade in the city and provided apprenticeships. Membership conferred social status and city voting rights. Livery companies that did not oversee cutlers would accept them by patrimony, which is why some Jenckeses were members of a bakers' guild.{{sfn|Southwick|2001|p=23}}{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|p=3}} In 1627, Joseph Jenckes married in Horton, Buckinghamshire, which is about 20 miles west of St. Ann Blackfriars, London.{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|p=6}} Sword cutler at Stone's factoryBetween {{circa|1629}} and {{circa|1641}}, Joseph Jenckes worked as a sword cutler at Benjamin Stone's sword factory at Hounslow, Middlesex, which is about 14 miles west of St. Ann Blackfriars.{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|pp=6–8}} In 1629, Benjamin Stone, a member of the Company of Cutlers in London, converted a grain mill into a sword factory on the Cutt River in Hounslow Heath to meet the demand for military swords created by the ongoing Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Stone employed English cutlers and German sword makers from Solingen. The swords were delivered primarily to the Tower of London's armory, with peak production between 1634 and 1637. By 1642, the First English Civil War had begun and Stone's sword factory was moved to Oxford.{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|pp=6–8}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|pp=174–176}}{{sfn|Southwick|2009|p=31}} The Powysland Museum in Welshpool, Wales, has a sword in its collection made by Joseph Jenckes. The sword blade is inscribed with the words “JENCKES JOSEPH" on one side and "ME FECIT HOVNSLO” (Made in Hounslow) on the reverse.{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|p=174}}{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|p=8}}{{sfn|Southwick|2009|p=48}} Immigration to New EnglandWhile in Hounslow, Joseph Jenckes became a widower in 1635 and one of his two children died in 1638. In 1639, he petitioned authorities to build a newly invented blade mill at Isleworth, however it is not known if he followed through with his plans. In {{circa|1641}}, Jenckes left his only child, Joseph, in England with family and immigrated to New England. In 1642, Jenckes was mentioned in New Hampshire records and, in 1643, he was mentioned in a deed for land near Kittery at the York River in Maine. By 1645, he was working at the Saugus Iron Works near Lynn in Massachusetts Bay.{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|pp=4, 9}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|p=176}} Blacksmith at the Saugus Iron WorksAssociation with the ironworksBy 1645,{{efn|In 1645, Jenckes owned a home about 3/4 of a mile southwest of the ironworks at School Street (now Main) and Vine Street in Hammersmith (now Saugus).{{sfn|Lewis|Eddy|1829|}}}} Joseph Jenckes was associated with the Hammersmith ironworks, later called the Saugus Iron Works. The Saugus Iron Works used the most advanced technology of the time and was the first successful integrated ironworks in America.{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|pp=27, 119, 186}} The business venture to build an integrated ironworks on the Saugus River began long before Jenckes arrived. In the late 1620s, bog iron ore was discovered in the Saugus River marshes near Lynn. In 1641, John Winthrop the Younger had samples of the ore shipped to England and soon afterwards an investment consortium headed by Winthrop called "The Company of Undertakers of the Iron Works in New England" invested in the proposed Saugus River project. In 1645, Winthrop resigned his position as company agent and was succeeded by Richard Leader. Leader chose the site and laid out the plan for the ironworks at the newly-formed company town called Hammersmith. The ironworks started operations in 1646 and, at its peak, engaged more than 200 workers.{{sfn|Browne|1952|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|pp=30–34}} In 1647, Richard Leader gave permission to Jenckes to erect his foundry and forge along the tailrace (water channel) below the Saugus Iron Works blast furnace. In the mid-1650s, the Company of Undertakers entered bankruptcy and as part of the settlement much of the Saugus Iron Works—Jenckes's shop, the rolling mill, the slitting mill, and a corn mill—was awarded to a local businessman, Joseph Armitage. In 1656, Jenckes mortgaged his home and purchased these structures and the machines they contained. More than 20 years later, in 1678, the ironworks ceased producing iron and, in 1682, the dam was removed above Jenckes's shop. Jenckes died the following year.{{sfn|Browne|1952|p=xviii}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|pp=178–186}} Archaeology at the Jenckes siteBetween 1948 and 1953, archaeologist Roland W. Robbins excavated various sites at the Saugus Iron Works. In 1952, Robbins excavated what he called the "Jenks Site" where Jenckes built his foundry and forge on the tailrace. He uncovered a wrought-iron tuyere (bellows pipe), an anvil base, axes, chisels, knives, four water wheels, a water wheel hub and shaft, a cannonball, a sawmill saw blade, a scythe, hoes, spades, ox and horse shoes, and other objects. He discovered the "likely remains of Jenks’ forge hearth" and he found the remains of a slitting mill and evidence of a wire-making operation.{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|pp=173–200}} Career highlightsFirst machine patent in AmericaIn 1646, Jenckes was granted the first machine patent in America.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=88}} He received a 14-year patent for a new kind of water-driven machine to make scythes, sawmill saw blades, and other edged tools. In his application to the Massachusetts General Court, he asked for “the usuall priveleg and liberty Granted by the high Court of Parliament in England to men that doe first sett upon workes of this nature.” He explained that he had “expended his estate, study, and labour, and have brought things to perfection; Another when he seeth it makes the like; and soe I loose the benefit of that I have studied for many yeeres before; which will tend to my Great damadg if not my utter undoeing.” The patent was issued by the General Court and bore the signatures of Governor John Winthrop and Deputy Edward Rawson.{{sfn|Fish|1909|pp=313–314}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|p=178}} First casting in AmericaJenckes made the first iron casting in America. The small pot with three legs, a lid, and bale was presented by Jenckes to Samuel Hudson. Called the Saugus Pot, it is now displayed at the Saugus Public Library. Metallurgy tests confirmed that the pot matches metal fragments found at the site of the Jenckes forge.{{sfn|Timer|1915|p=968}}{{sfn|Saugus Public Library}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|p=248}}{{sfn|American Foundry Society||}} Scythe patentIn 1655, Jenckes was granted a 7-year patent for an improved scythe "for the more speedy cutting of grass." The European scythe had a straight snath (long wooden shaft) and the scythe blade was short and thick, which reduced its efficiency. The Jenckes scythe had a double-curved snath and the scythe blade was longer, thinner, and lightweight. The blade was strengthened by a chine (a rib) on back. The Jenckes scythe became known as the American scythe and it remains substantially unchanged today.{{sfn|Dobyns|1994|p=11}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|p=179}}{{sfn|United States Agricultural Society|1858|p=7}}{{sfn|Browne|1952|pp=xvi–xvii}} Tools for the first coins in America (probable)In 1652, John Hull and Robert Sanderson were appointed mint masters for Massachusetts Bay Colony. According to tradition, Jenckes cut dies for the first coins minted in America, such as the Pine Tree shilling. While there is no direct evidence for this claim, there is circumstantial evidence that Jenckes created steel punches, blank dies, and other tools for the mint.{{sfn|Jordan|2002|pp=142–147}} Jenckes had an early interest in coin making. In 1654, Jenckes wrote a letter to Edward Hull, John Hull's brother, about recruiting a die maker. In 1672, Jenckes petitioned the General Court to make coins; however, the court rejected Jenckes's request: "In ans to the humble proposal of Joseph Jenks, Sen. for ye making of money etc the Court judgeth to meet not to grant his request."{{sfn|Browne|1952|pp=xvii, 571}} In the 1650s, Hammersmith had the only blast furnace hot enough to make steel or case hardened wrought iron punches, die blanks, crucibles, and other tools that Hull and Sanderson required.{{sfn|Jordan|2002|pp=142–147}} First fire engine in America (inconclusive)Boston suffered a serious fire in 1653 and the following year the selectmen of Boston approved the purchase of fire engines from Joseph Jenckes: "The select men have power and liberty hereby to agree with Joseph Jynks for Ingins to Carry water in Case of fire, if they see Cause soe to doe." In 1702 the selectmen referred to an old engine in need of repairs which may have been the Jenckes engine. However, no document confirming that Jenckes made the engine has been found.{{sfn|Newhall|Newhall|Newhall|1897|pp=158–159}} The legend of Thomas Veale (folklore)In 1658, according to popular legend,{{efn| A version of the legend that mentions Jenckes is summarized in the International molders' and foundry workers' journal: "In 1647 Jenks built a forge in connection with his foundry business and it is on record that he made up an order for shackles for a gang of pirates who intended to use them in their trade, but the authorities used them on the gentlemen themselves."{{sfn|Timer|1915|p=968}} }} Captain Thomas Veale and three other pirates sailed up the Saugus River. The pirates visited the Saugus Iron Works at night and left a note on the door of Jenckes's forge requesting shackles. They hid in Lynn Forest at a place now called Pirates' Glen. The order was filled, but the shackles were used on three of the pirates. Veale escaped and buried treasure in a nearby cavern, now called Dungeon Rock, where he died during an earthquake.{{sfn|Timer|1915|p=968}}{{sfn|Skinner|1896|p=276}}{{sfn|Lewis|1829|pp=107–109}}{{sfn|Marine Research Society|1837|pp=254–256}} FamilyJoseph Jenckes married Joan Hearne{{efn|Meridith B. Colket showed that early genealogies incorrectly identified Joseph Jenckes Sr.'s wife as Mary Tervyn and that she married another Joseph Jenckes in the same extended family.{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|pp=5–6}}}} on {{date|1627-11-05|MDY}}, at Horton, Buckinghamshire. Joan Hearne was born in {{circa|1607}} in Horton and died on {{date|1635-02-28|MDY}} at Isleworth, Middlesex. They had two children: Elizabeth, b. 1597; and Joseph Jenckes Jr., b. 1599. His daughter, Elizabeth, died in 1638 in England and his son, Joseph, who remained in England when his father emigrated, joined him at the Saugus Iron Works in {{circa|1647}}.{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|pp=4, 6, 44}}{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|p=186}} He married secondly Elizabeth in {{circa|1650}} in New England. Elizabeth—whose maiden name and origin are unknown—was born in 1604 and died at Lynn in 1679. They had five children: Sarah, b. 1652; Samuel, b. 1654; Deborah, b. 1658; John, b. 1660; and Daniel, b. 1663.{{sfn|Browne|1952|p=1}} LegacyThe Saugus Iron Works is considered the birthplace of the American iron and steel industry. The story of Joseph Jenckes Sr.'s career is presented in the Jenckes museum exhibit at the Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site in Lynn, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Griswold|Linebaugh|2010|pp=173–200}} Notable descendantsNotable descendants of Joseph Jenckes Sr. include his son, Joseph Jenckes Jr., the founder of Pawtucket, Rhode Island; his grandson, Joseph Jenckes 3rd, the 19th governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations; his 3nd great-grandson, Nicholas Brown Jr., a philanthropist who gave his name to Brown University; his 8th great-granddaughter, Amelia Earhart, an aviation pioneer; his 8th great-grandson, Willis Carrier, the inventor of air conditioning; his 8th great-grandson, James Thurber, a cartoonist, author, and playwright; and his 11th great-granddaughter, Britney Spears, a recording artist.{{sfn|BYU}}{{sfn|Hall}}{{sfn|Browne|Colket|1956|p=2}} Notes{{notelist}}ReferencesCitationsBibliography
External links
8 : 1599 births|1683 deaths|Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies|American people of English descent|People of colonial Massachusetts|American blacksmiths|Cutlers|Patent holders |
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