| 词条 | 3"/50 caliber gun |
| 释义 |
|name= 3-inch/50 caliber gun (Mk 22) |image=F3inch.jpg |caption= |origin= United States |type= Naval gun |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= "yes" |is_vehicle= |is_UK= |service=1890-1990s (US Navy) |used_by= US Navy |wars= |designer= |design_date=* Mark 2: 1898
|manufacturer= |production_date=1900 – |number= |variants=Marks 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 |weight=* Mark 2: {{convert|2,086|lb|kg}} (with breech)
|length=* Mark 2: {{convert|153.8|in|m}}
|part_length=* Mark 2: {{convert|150|in|cm}} bore (50 calibres)
|width= |height= |crew= |cartridge= {{convert|24|lb|kg|abbr=on}} armor-piercing, AA, VT Frag (Variable Timing Fragmentation), Illumination {{convert|13|lb|kg|abbr=on}}[1] |caliber= {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}} |action= |rate=15 – 20 rounds per minute |velocity= {{convert|2700|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} |range= |max_range=* {{convert|14600|yd|abbr=on}} at 43° elevation
|feed= SRF |sights= Peep-site and Optical telescope |breech= |recoil= |carriage= |elevation=* Pedestal Mount: -10° to +15°
|traverse= 360° |blade_type= |hilt_type= |sheath_type= |head_type= |haft_type= |diameter= |filling= |filling_weight= |detonation= |yield= |armour= |primary_armament= |secondary_armament= |engine= |engine_power= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |vehicle_range= |speed= }} The 3″/50 caliber gun (spoken "three-inch fifty-caliber") in United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile {{convert|3|in}} in diameter, and the barrel was 50 calibers long (barrel length is 3 in × 50 = {{convert|150|in|m|abbr=on|disp=or|sigfig=2}}). Different guns (identified by Mark numbers) of this caliber were used by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard from 1890[1] through the 1990s on a variety of combatant and transport ship classes. The gun is still in use with the Spanish Navy on Serviola-class patrol boats. Early low-angle gunsThe US Navy's first 3″/50 caliber gun (Mark 2) was an early model with a projectile velocity of {{convert|2100|ft|m}} per second. Low-angle (single-purpose/non anti-aircraft) mountings for this gun had a range of 7000 yards at the maximum elevation of 15 degrees. The gun entered service around 1900 with the {{sclass-|Bainbridge|destroyer|1}}s, and was also fitted to {{sclass-|Connecticut|battleship|1}}s. By World War II these guns were found only on a few Coast Guard cutters and Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships.[2] Low-angle 3″/50 caliber guns (Marks 3, 5, 6, and 19) were originally mounted on ships built from the early 1900s through the early 1920s and were carried by submarines, auxiliaries, and merchant ships during the Second World War. These guns fired the same {{convert|2700|ft|m}} per second ammunition used by the following dual-purpose Marks, but with range limited by the maximum elevation of the mounting. These were built-up guns with a tube, partial-length jacket, hoop and vertical sliding breech block.[2] Dual-purpose guns of the World WarsDual-purpose 3″/50 caliber guns (Marks 10, 17, 18, and 20) first entered service in 1915 as a refit to {{USS|Texas|BB-35}}, and were subsequently mounted on many types of ships as the need for anti-aircraft protection was recognized. During World War II, they were the primary gun armament on destroyer escorts, patrol frigates, submarine chasers, minesweepers, some fleet submarines, and other auxiliary vessels, and were used as a secondary dual-purpose battery on some other types of ships, including some older battleships. They also replaced the original low-angle 4"/50 caliber guns (Mark 9) on "flush-deck" {{sclass-|Wickes|destroyer|5}} and {{sclass-|Clemson|destroyer|1}}s to provide better anti-aircraft protection. The gun was also used on specialist destroyer conversions; the "AVD" seaplane tender conversions received two guns; the "APD" high-speed transports, "DM" minelayers, and "DMS" minesweeper conversions received three guns, and those retaining destroyer classification received six.[3]These dual-purpose guns were "quick-firing", meaning that they used fixed ammunition, with powder case and projectile permanently attached, and handled as a single unit weighing 34 pounds (as opposed to older guns and/or heavier guns, in which the shell and powder are handled and loaded separately, which reduces the weight of each handled component, but slows the loading process). The shells alone weighed about 13 pounds including an explosive bursting charge of 0.81 pounds for anti-aircraft (AA) rounds or 1.27 pounds for High Capacity (HC) rounds, the remainder of the weight being the steel casing. Maximum range was 14,600 yards at 45 degrees elevation and ceiling was {{convert|29800|ft|m}} at 85 degrees elevation. Useful life expectancy was 4300 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.[4] Submarine deck gunsThe 3"/50 caliber gun Marks 17 and 18 was first used as a submarine deck gun on R-class submarines launched in 1918-1919. At the time it was an improvement on the earlier 3"/23 caliber gun.[5] After using larger guns on many other submarines, the 3"/50 caliber gun Mark 21 was specified as the standard deck gun on the Porpoise- through {{sclass-|Gato|submarine|1}}s launched in 1935-1942. The small gun was chosen to remove the temptation to engage enemy escort vessels on the surface.[6] The gun was initially mounted aft of the conning tower to reduce submerged drag, but early in World War II it was shifted to a forward position at the commanding officer's option. Wartime experience showed that larger guns were needed. This need was initially met by transferring 4"/50 caliber guns from S-class submarines as they were shifted from combat to training roles beginning in late 1942. Later, the 5"/25 caliber gun, initially removed from battleships sunk or damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor and later manufactured in a submarine version, became standard.[7] Cold War anti-aircraft gunWhen multiple hits from Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and Bofors 40 mm guns were unable to prevent kamikaze strikes during the final year of the second world war; the 3"/50 was adopted as a replacement for these weapons. Post-war experimentation with an extended range variant (3"/70 Mark 26 gun) was abandoned as shipboard surface-to-air missiles were developed. The United States Navy considered contemporary 5"/38 caliber guns and 5″/54 caliber guns more effective against surface targets. The 3″/50 caliber gun (Mark 22) was a semiautomatic anti-aircraft weapon with a power driven automatic loader. These monobloc 3″ guns were fitted to both single and twin mountings. The single was to be exchanged for a twin 40 mm antiaircraft gun mount and the twin for a quadruple 40 mm mount. This was performed on {{sclass-|Essex|aircraft carrier|1}}s, {{sclass-|Allen M. Sumner|destroyer|5}} and {{sclass-|Gearing|destroyer|1}}s and other ships circa 1946-50. Although intended as a one-for-one replacement for the 40 mm mounts, the final version of the new {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}} mounts was heavier than expected, and on most ships the mounts could be replaced only on a two-for-three basis. The mounts were of the dual purpose, open-base-ring type. The right and left gun assemblies were identical in the twin mounts. The mounts used a common power drive that could train at a rate of 30 degree/second and elevate from 15 degrees to 85 degrees at a rate of 24 degree/second. The cannon was fed automatically from an on-mount magazine which was replenished during action by two loaders on each side of the cannon.[8] With proximity fuze and fire-control radar, a twin 3″/50 mount firing 50 rounds per minute per barrel was considered more effective than a quad Bofors 40 mm gun against subsonic aircraft,[9] but relatively ineffective against supersonic jets and cruise missiles. Destroyers that were modernized during the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program of the 1960s had their {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}} guns removed, but other ships retained them. In 1992, the 3″/50 caliber main battery on {{USCGC|Storis|WMEC-38|6}} was removed from the cutter. This was supposedly the last 3″/50 caliber gun in service aboard any US warship, but US Navy {{sclass-|Charleston|amphibious cargo ship}}s retained their forward mounts until the last of the ships, {{USS|El Paso|LKA-117}} was decommissioned in 1994.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} The gun is still in service, however, on some warships of the Philippine Navy, including {{BRP|Rajah Humabon|PF-11|6}}, formerly {{USS |Atherton|DE-169|6}}. The 17 {{sclass-|Asheville|gunboat|1}}s mounted a single 3″/50 Mk 34 as their primary armament. Ships mounting 3″/50 caliber gunsWorld War I: {{div col|colwidth=20em}}
World War II: {{div col|colwidth=20em}}
Post–World War II: {{div col|colwidth=40em}}
See also
Notes1. ^1 DiGiulian 2. ^1 Campbell 1985 p.146 3. ^Silverstone 1968 pp. 112, 212, 215, 276, 303 4. ^Campbell 1985 p.145 5. ^Gardiner & Gray, p. 130 6. ^Friedman 1995, p. 193 7. ^Friedman 1995, pp. 214-219 8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=y9wDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA90&dqf=true#v=onepage&q&f=true "The Pouncer Challenges The Sub."] Popular Mechanics, April 1955, pp. 88-93, see bottom of p. 90. 9. ^USN Photographic Report 9163, 1948: The New Rapid Fire Navy 8'50 and 3'50 ( You Tube- US Salem Rapid Fire Guns) 10. ^Albrecht 1969 p.320 11. ^Albrecht 1969 p.323 12. ^Blackman 1970 p.521 13. ^1 Friedman 1983, p. 221 14. ^Albrecht 1969 pp.322-3 15. ^1 Blackman 1970 p.499 16. ^1 Blackman 1970 p.519 17. ^1 2 Blackman 1970 p.520 18. ^Albrecht 1969 p.327 19. ^1 Blackman 1970 p.497 20. ^Albrecht 1969 p.325 21. ^1 Blackman 1970 p.493 22. ^1 Blackman 1970 p.518 23. ^Blackman 1970 p.457 24. ^1 2 3 4 Albrecht 1969 p.324 25. ^Blackman 1970 p.492 26. ^Blackman 1970 p.496 27. ^Blackman 1970 p.456 28. ^Blackman 1970 p.529 29. ^Blackman 1970 p.522 30. ^Blackman 1970 p.495 31. ^Blackman 1970 p.523 32. ^Blackman 1970 p.498 33. ^Blackman 1970 p.490 References
External links{{Commons category multi|3inch/50 Marks 2 3 5 6 8 naval gun|3inch/50 Marks 10-22 naval gun|3inch/50 Marks 27 33 34 AA gun}}
6 : World War II anti-aircraft guns|World War II naval weapons|Naval anti-aircraft guns|Naval guns of the United States|76 mm artillery|World War I naval weapons |
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