1. Biography
     Early life and 1971 coup    Career under the Amin regime    Abuse of power and army commands    The Military Tribunal    Uganda–Tanzania War and death  

2. Personal life

3. Notes

4. References
     Citations    Works cited  

Juma Ali Oka Rokoni,{{efn|name=name|He is also known as Juma Rakoni,^[2] and Juma Ali{{sfnp|Smith|1980|p=120}}{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=129}}{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=203}} }} commonly referred to as Juma Butabika, (died 11 April 1979){{efn|name=death}} was an Ugandan military officer who served as Uganda Army (UA) top commander during the dictatorship of Idi Amin. Despite being notorious for his erratic behavior and abuse of power, he was highly influential, held important army commands, and served as long-time chairman of the Ugandan Military Tribunal, a military court used by Amin to try and eliminate political dissidents and rivals. By commanding an unauthorized attack on Tanzania in October 1978, Butabika was responsible for the outbreak of the Uganda–Tanzania War which ultimately resulted in his death in combat, probably during the Fall of Kampala.

Biography

Early life and 1971 coup

Born as Juma Ali Oka Rokoni,^[3] Butabika was of Nubian–Kakwa descent,^[2]{{sfnp|Smith|1980|p=131}}{{sfnp|Kato|1989|p=106}} and a grandson of Kakwa paramount chief Sultan Ali Kenyi Dada as well as the cousin of Idi Amin's father.^[2] Having completed only a few years of primary education,{{sfnp|Amnesty International|1978|pp=4, ERRATA}} he was reportedly illiterate.{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=129}}^[4]

At some point, Butabika joined the Uganda Army, and rose to second lieutenant during the rule of Milton Obote.^[5] Over time, dissatisfaction grew among parts in the military about Obote's government, resulting in a conspiracy to remove him from power.^[2] Butabika joined the conspirators, and their coup was planned at his house. The initial plan was to blow up Obote's plane at the Entebbe International Airport on 24 January 1971, but Butabika's wife informed her brother-in-law Ahmad Oduka, Senior Superintendent of Police, of the plot. He was supposed to be among those on the plane, and his sister-in-law urged him to stay at home on that day to save his life. Oduka, however, was loyal to the government and informed Minister of Internal Affairs Basil Kiiza Bataringaya. Though the assassination of Obote was prevented, the putschists still managed to launch a coup d'état on 25 January 1971. They overthrew the government,^[5] but then became unsure about the further course of action. Amin was initially reluctant to assume the presidency, whereupon Butabika reportedly threatened him at gunpoint to accept his appointment as President of Uganda.^[2] Meanwhile, Butabika's wife had fled the capital out of fear that her informing Oduka of the putschists' plan would have repercussions.^[5]

Soon after the coup, Butabika was involved in the kidnapping and murder of two United States citizens around July 1971, namely journalist Nicholas Stroh and Makerere University lecturer Robert Siedle. The two had tried to gather information on unrest and mutinies that had broken out among some Ugandan military units as result of Amin's seizure of power.{{sfnp|Amnesty International|1978|pp=15–16}}^[6]

Career under the Amin regime

Abuse of power and army commands

Butabika became one of leading military figures under the new regime.^[7] Despite this, he was widely considered insane in Uganda, even by his own colleagues in the military.{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=129}} He was notorious for his eccentric,^[15] "erratic"^[8] and excessive behavior, including extreme brutality.^[9] According to George Ivan Smith, Butabika believed himself to be a "demi-god" as the government allowed him to kill and torture at will,{{sfnp|Smith|1980|p=120}} while Peter Jeremy Allen described him as "merciless psychopathic killer" of "low mentality".{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=129}} Similarly, businessman Gordon Wavamunno had a very negative opinion of Butabika, and regarded him as one of those who "were intoxicated with unlimited and irresponsible power, and did not hesitate to abuse it at the slightest opportunity or excuse."{{sfnp|Wavamunno|2000|p=160}} The nickname by which he is best known stemmed from his extreme behavior: "Butabika" is the name of a prominent psychiatric clinic near Kampala,{{sfnp|Smith|1980|p=120}}^[15]{{sfnp|Otunnu|2016|pp=292–293}} and a byword for people with a mental illness in Uganda.{{sfnp|Smith|1980|p=120}}{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=129}}

Promoted to lieutenant colonel,{{efn|name=rank|Though most sources report that Butabika was lieutenant colonel during Amin's dictatorship,^[3][15] others, including Colonel Abdu Kisuule, have stated that he was a general.{{sfnp|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=24}}^[21] Either way, promotions "were issued randomly" under Amin's regime and mattered little compared to one's direct connection to the president.{{sfnp|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=61}} }} Butabika served as commander of "elite" units that were regarded as especially loyal to Amin, including the Chui Regiment^[10] and the Malire Mechanised Specialist Reconnaissance Regiment.^[1]{{sfnp|Kato|1989|p=106}}^[11] As time went on, elements in the military grew dissatisfied with Amin's regime. Brigadier Charles Arube was among those who felt sidelined, and organised a meeting of high-ranking commanders in March 1974. Butabika was present, and offered Arube his help in cases where he felt ignored by the president.^[1] Soon after, Arube attempted to oust Amin in a coup d'état. The Malire Mechanised Specialist Reconnaissance Regiment mutinied and joined the coup, but Butabika stayed loyal to Amin.{{sfnp|Mwakikagile|2012|pp=57–58}} In the end, Arube's coup failed.^[1]{{sfnp|Mwakikagile|2012|pp=57–58}}

The Military Tribunal

Despite his extremely limited education, Butabika was also appointed as chairman of the "Military Tribunal" in 1973.{{sfnp|Amnesty International|1978|pp=4, ERRATA}}{{sfnp|Otunnu|2016|pp=292–293}} The Military Tribunal had been set up by Amin to circumvent regular courts and enforce his decisions;{{sfnp|Ellett|2013|p=78}} it thus had the reputation to "rubber-stamp Amin's death sentences".{{sfnp|Kato|1989|p=106}} According to Amnesty International, the tribunals Butabika chaired were de facto kangaroo courts and passed judgements without regard to laws or proper procedure.{{sfnp|Amnesty International|1978|pp=4, ERRATA}} Most prominently, he acquitted several senior military figures who were accused of involvement in the forced disappearance of 18 prominent Ugandans.{{sfnp|Amnesty International|1978|pp=15–16}} In contrast, Butabika passed extremely harsh judgements where opponents to the regime were concerned, earning a reputation as "one of Amin's chief executioners".{{sfnp|Allen|1987|p=129}} One Ugandan dissident noted that the Lieutenant Colonel's tribunals generally resulted in the death of the accused; they were either executed or released, only to be rounded up and murdered by Uganda's secret service, the State Research Bureau.{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=203}}

Butabika chaired several prominent tribunals, such as when he sentenced British author Denis Hills to death in 1975 for calling Amin a "village tyrant".^[6]{{sfnp|Keesing's Record|1975|p=2}} Two years later, he chaired the tribunal that sentenced 12 men to death for conspiring to murder Amin;{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=191}} this trial in particular was described as "travesty of justice, a 'show', since the conventions and pleas of guilt were obtained by force from the accused".{{sfnp|Ellett|2013|p=78}} He did, however, acquit Wod Okello Lawoko, senior manager of Radio Uganda, after the latter had fallen out of favor with Amin and been arrested on charges of treason.^[4] Though Butabika was once dismissed as chairman on one tribunal for misconduct, namely corruption in late 1976, he was later reinstated.{{sfnp|Amnesty International|1978|pp=4, ERRATA}}

Uganda–Tanzania War and death

By 1978, hostilities had greatly increased between Uganda and the neighboring state of Tanzania, with reports surfacing of invasion plans by the Tanzania People's Defence Force. Butabika was among the proponents of a preemptive strike against Tanzania,{{sfnp|Mwakikagile|2010|p=319}}^[12] even though several other leading Ugandan officers believed that their military was not ready for a conflict with Tanzania.^[13] The situation escalated on 9 October 1978,^[11] when an altercation broke out between an Ugandan soldier and Tanzanian border guards. One of Amin's close advisors, Colonel Abdu Kisuule, later claimed that the entire incident had been orchestrated by Butabika to gain "favors and cheap popularity" from the president.^[13]{{sfnp|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=24}} According to this version, the Ugandan soldier who caused the altercation had been Butabika's brother-in-law, and his death in a shootout with Tanzanians caused Butabika to seek revenge.^[8][13] Others however report that the exact identity of the Ugandan soldier remains unknown, and that Butabika was lied to by his subordinates about the course of events; in that case, it is possible that he actually believed that Tanzanian border guards had initiated hostilities.^[11]{{sfnp|Mwakikagile|2010|p=319}}

In any case, Butabika consequently ordered an unauthorized attack on Tanzania, resulting in the outbreak of the Uganda–Tanzania War.{{sfnp|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=24}} His forces easily overran the Tanzanian troops stationed at Mutukula and Minziro, whereupon he telephoned Amin, claiming that Tanzania had launched an attack and that he had responded with a counter-attack. The president had already been eager to annex Tanzanian territory, and allowed the invasion to proceed. Reinforced by other UA detachments, Butabika occupied the entire Kagera salient (northern Kagera Region) until stopping at Kyaka Bridge, which was destroyed. The UA troops proceeded to celebrate while looting, raping and murdering in the occupied area.^[11]{{sfnp|Mwakikagile|2010|p=319}}^[13]

The Tanzanian military quickly regrouped, causing the UA to retreat back into Uganda even as President Amin declared Kagera's annexation.^[13] The Tanzanians launched a large counter-offensive, and the Ugandan military soon started to disintegrate under the onslaught.^[3][7] By the time the Ugandan border town Mutukula fell to the Tanzanian army in January 1979, Butabika was back in Kampala and prepared the celebrations for the 8th anniversary of Amin's rule. The lieutenant colonel took part in a parade at Kololo on 25 January, where he and other high-ranking commanders performed a traditional Nubian dance. One Ugandan later commented that when he saw the dancing officers on live television, he realised that his country's leadership "did not know what exactly was going on" in regard to the war.^[12] Butabika died in combat during the later stages of the war, though it is disputed when and where he was killed.^[7]{{sfn|Mzirai|1980|p=97}} According to an article by the Ugandan newspaper Daily Monitor, he died during the Fall of Kampala. On 10 April 1979, the Tanzanian forces and their UNLF allies entered the city, encountering only light resistance. Butabika was reportedly one of the few leading Ugandan commanders who stayed in the city, and was killed in a firefight with Tanzanian soldiers of the 205th and 208th Brigades in the Bwaise-Kawempe area as they attempted to secure the northern section of the city on 11 April.^[7] In contrast, Tanzanian journalist Baldwin Mzirai wrote in his 1980 account of the war Kuzama kwa Idi Amin that Butabika died at a roadblock on the Bombo road on 7 April 1979.{{sfn|Mzirai|1980|p=97}}

Personal life

Butabika was a Muslim,{{sfnp|Smith|1980|p=131}}{{sfnp|Kato|1989|p=106}} though he also believed in magic.^[13] One observer described him as "short and small [...] bully" who enjoyed challenging "far more strongly-built men" for fights.{{sfnp|Kato|1989|p=106}} He was married to an Ugandan woman of the Baziba tribe.^[8]

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

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• {{cite book| last = Mzirai| first = Baldwin| title = Kuzama kwa Idi Amin| publisher = Publicity International| date = 1980| location = Dar es Salaam| language = Swahili| oclc = 9084117| ref = harv}}
• {{cite book

• {{cite book| editor-last = Seftel| editor-first = Adam| title = Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum| publisher = Fountain Publishers| date = 2010| orig-year=1st pub. 1994| location = Kampala| url = | isbn = 978-9970-02-036-2| ref = harv}}
• {{cite book

• {{cite book| last = Wavamunno| first = Gordon Babala Kasibante| author-link = Gordon Wavamunno| title = Gordon B.K. Wavamunno: The Story of an African Entrepreneur| publisher = Wavah Books| date = 2000| location = Kampala| oclc = 46969423| ref = harv}}

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