| 词条 | Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act of 2017 |
| 释义 |
| shorttitle = Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act of 2017 | othershorttitles = | longtitle = An Act to require reporting on acts of certain foreign countries on Holocaust era assets and related issues. | colloquialacronym = | nickname = | enacted by = 115th | effective date = 9 May 2018 | public law url = | cite public law = {{USPL|115|171}} | cite statutes at large = | acts amended = | acts repealed = | title amended = | sections created = | sections amended = | leghisturl = | introducedin = Same day in House and Senate | introducedbill = H.R.1226 / S.447 | introducedby = Joe Crowley / Tammy Baldwin | introduceddate = 27 February 2017 | committees = House Committee on Foreign Affairs / United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations | passedbody1 = Senate | passeddate1 = 12 December 2017 | passedvote1 = Unanimous consent | passedbody2 = House | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = 24 April 2018 | passedvote2 = Voice vote | conferencedate = | passedbody3 = | passeddate3 = | passedvote3 = | agreedbody3 = | agreeddate3 = | agreedvote3 = | agreedbody4 = | agreeddate4 = | agreedvote4 = | passedbody4 = | passeddate4 = | passedvote4 = | signedpresident = Donald Trump | signeddate = 9 May 2018 | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate = | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} The Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act of 2017 ({{USPL|115|171}},{{USBill|115|s|447}} (and identical {{USBill|115|hr|1226}})) requires the State Department to report to congress on steps that 47 countries in Europe, signatories of the 2009 Terezin Declaration, have taken to compensate Holocaust survivors and their heirs for assets seized by Nazi Germany and post-war communist governments.[1][2] The bill does not provide the US with any enforcement power, only requiring reporting to Congress. While the bill does not single out any particular country, Poland is the sole state in Europe that has not passed legislation compensating former owners of property and the Polish government sees itself as the target of the law.[1] BackgroundPoland had a pre-war Jewish population was 3.3 million, and stolen Jewish property is estimated to be valued in billions of dollars. Due to the extent of the stolen property in Poland, the issue of restitution is divisive and frightening to many Poles. The nationalist Polish government denies that the Poles were culpable for the murders of Jews in the Holocaust. Restitution of Jewish property in Poland would also potentially set a legal precedent for other groups in Poland whose property was confiscated, namely the nobility and churches.[4] While some claimants were able to recover property in post-communist Poland, the process in Poland is filled with fraud and injustice.[1] In a case, described by restitution activists as indicative of systemic failures in Poland, a 97 year old Holocaust survivor litigating for restitution of her family's assets in Łódź was declared dead by Łódź city authorities who also pronounced her heiress, this despite a decades long effort to recover the property.[4] The Terezin Declaration from 2009, to which 47 countries are signatories,[2] states that protection of property rights is part of the rule of law and an essential feature of democratic societies. The declaration recognizes the importance of property restitution or compensation in regards to property confiscated ruing the Holocaust era between 1933 and 1945.[3] According to Tammy Baldwin and Marco Rubio, the Senate sponsors of the bill, while several countries have endorsed the declaration they have not actually implemented the required restitution.[3] ProvisionsThe bill requires the State Department to report to congress on steps that 47 countries in Europe, signatories of the 2009 Terezin Declaration, have taken to compensate Holocaust survivors and their heirs for assets seized by Nazi Germany and post-war communist governments.[1][2] The bill also requires specific reporting on restitution to Holocaust survivors who are US citizens or their relatives.[4] ReactionsIn March 2018, 59 US Senators sent a bipartisan letter to Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, stating that draft legislation in Poland would discriminate against Holocaust survivors in the United States. The proposed Polish bill would require claimants to reside in Poland as Polish citizens, and would exclude heirs that are not "first-line heirs".[5] The Polish bill was subsequently withdrawn.[6] In April 2018, a protest led by National Movement's president Robert Winnicki was held in front of the US embassy in Warsaw, Winnicki saying that "The Jews will not get a penny from us".[7] A Polish-American group, including Richard Widerynski who is the former president of the Polish American Congress of Southern California lobbied against law, saying on their website that demands for restitution are "illegitimate extortion attempts".[8] On 31 March 2019 hundreds of Polish nationalists protested in Foley Square in New York against the restitution bill. Some of the protesters carried antisemitic signs, and engaged in Holocaust denial rhetoric.[9][10] References{{ref-list}} 3 : 2018 in American law|Acts of the 115th United States Congress|Aftermath of the Holocaust |
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