| 词条 | Kalachuri dynasty |
| 释义 |
| common_name = Kalachuri dynasty | conventional_long_name = Kalachuris of Mahishmati | year_start = 6th century | year_end = 7th century | image_map = | image_map_caption = | government_type = monarchy | capital = Mahishmati | p1 = Vakataka dynasty | p2 = Vishnukundina | p3 = Traikutaka dynasty | s1 = Chalukya dynasty | religion = Shaivism | common_languages = Sanskrit | today = {{IND}} }} "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Abhona" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.9271644, 20.4796816] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Sankheda", "description": "Also known as Sankhera" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.5814967, 22.1715494] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Sarsavani", "description": "Also known as Sarsavni" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.2352525, 20.7275464] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ujjain" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.7849097, 23.1793013] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Vadnagar", "description": "Also known as Anandapura" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.6165643, 23.7757259] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Vadner" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.5170319, 19.4478632] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Vidisha" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.8081363, 23.5251102] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "Mahishmati", "description": "No Kalachuri inscriptions have been found at Mahishmati, but literary evidence suggests that it was the dynasty's capital.", "comment": "Mandhata; Maheshwar is fairly close", "marker-color": "000080" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.1522879, 22.2507773] } } ] } The Kalachuris (IAST: Kalacuri) were an Indian dynasty that ruled in west-central India between 6th and 7th centuries. They are also known as the Haihayas or as the "early Kalachuris" to distinguish them from their later namesakes. The Kalachuri territory included parts of present-day Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Their capital was probably located at Mahishmati. Epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that the earliest of the Ellora and Elephanta cave monuments were built during the Kalachuri rule. The origin of the dynasty is uncertain. In the 6th century, the Kalachuris gained control of the territories formerly ruled by the Guptas, the Vakatakas and the Vishnukundinas. Only three Kalachuri kings are known from inscriptional evidence: Shankaragana, Krishnaraja, and Buddharaja. The Kalachuris lost their power to the Chalukyas of Vatapi in the 7th century. One theory connects the later Kalachuri dynasties of Tripuri and Kalyani to the Kalachuris of Mahishmati. TerritoryAccording to the Kalachuri inscriptions, the dynasty controlled Ujjayini, Vidisha and Anandapura. Literary references suggest that their capital was located at Mahishmati in the Malwa region.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} The dynasty also controlled Vidarbha, where they succeeded the Vakataka and the Vishnukundina dynasties.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} In addition, the Kalachuris conquered northern Konkan (around Elephanta) by the mid-6th century. Here, they succeeded the Traikutaka dynasty.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} HistoryKrishnarajaThe origin of the Kalachuris is uncertain.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} Krishnaraja (r. c. 550-575) is the earliest known ruler of the dynasty. He issued coins featuring Brahmi script legends, imitating the design of earlier coins issued by the Traikutaka and the Gupta kings. His coins featuring a bull are based on the coins issued by Skandagupta. His silver coins were circulated widely for around 150 years after his reign.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} Krishnaraja's coins describe him as Parama-Maheshvara (devotee of Shiva). An inscription of his son Shankaragana states that he was devoted to Pashupati (Shiva) since his birth.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} Historical evidence suggests that he may have commissioned the Shaivite monuments at the Elephanta Caves and the earliest of the Brahmanical caves at Ellora, where his coins have been discovered.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=6}}{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} ShankaraganaShankaragana (r. c. 575-600) is the earliest ruler of the dynasty to be attested by his own inscriptions, which were issued from Ujjain and Nirgundipadraka. His Ujjain grant is the earliest epigraphic record of the dynasty.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} Shakaragana's adopted the titles of the Gupta emperor Skandagupta. This suggests that he conquered western Malwa, which was formerly under the Gupta authority. His kingdom probably also included parts of the present-day Gujarat.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} Like his father, Shankaragana described himself as a Parama-Maheshvara (devotee of Shiva).{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} BuddharajaBuddharaja is the last known ruler of the early Kalachuri dyansty. He was a son of Shankaragana.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} Buddharaja conquered eastern Malwa, but he probably lost western Malwa to the ruler of Vallabhi. During his reign, the Chalukya king Mangalesha attacked the Kalachuri kingdom from the south, sometime after 600 CE. The invasion did not result in a complete conquest, as evident by Buddharaja's 609-610 CE (360 KE) Vidisha and 610-611 CE (361 KE) Anandapura grants.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} Buddharaja probably lost his sovereignty during a second Chalukya invasion, by Mangalesha,{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=57}} or by his nephew Pulakeshin II.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} The Chalukya inscriptions mention that Mangalesha defeated the Kalachuris, but do not credit Pulakeshin with this achievements; therefore, it is likely that Mangalesha was the Chalukya ruler responsible for ending the Kalachuri power.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=57}} Like his father and grandfather, Buddharaja described himself as a Parama-Maheshvara (devotee of Shiva). His queen Ananta-Mahayi belonged to the Pashupata sect.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} DescendantsNo concrete information is available about the successors of Buddharaja, but it is known that by 687 CE, the Kalachuris had become feudatories of the Chalukyas.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} An inscription issued by a prince named Taralasvamin was found at Sankheda (where one of Shankaragana's grants was also found). This inscription describes Taralasvamin as a devotee of Shiva, and his father Maharaja Nanna as a member of the "Katachchuri" family. The inscription is dated to the year 346 of an unspecified era. Assuming the era as Kalachuri era, Taralasvamin would have been a contemporary of Shankaragana. However, Taralasvamin and Nanna are not mentioned in other Kalachuri records. Also, unlike other Kalachuri inscriptions, the date in this inscription is mentioned in decimal numbers. Moreover, some expressions in the inscription appear to have been borrowed from the 7th century Sendraka inscriptions. Because of these evidences, V. V. Mirashi considered Taralasvamin's inscription as a spurious one.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|pp=10-11}} V. V. Mirashi connected the Kalachuris of Tripuri to the early Kalachuri dynasty. He theorizes that the early Kalachuris moved their capital from Mahishmati to Kalanjara, and from there to Tripuri.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1974|p=376}} Cultural contributionsElephantaThe Elephanta Caves which contain Shaivite monuments are located along the Konkan coast, on the Elephanta Island near Mumbai. Historical evidence suggests that these monuments are associated with Krishnaraja, who was also a Shavite.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=6}} The Kalachuris appear to have been the rulers of the Konkan coast, when some of the Elephanta monuments were built.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=6}} Silver coins of Krishnaraja have been found along the Konkan coast, on the Salsette Island (now part of Mumbai) and in the Nashik district.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=6}} Around 31 of his copper coins have been found on the Elephanta Island, which suggests that he was the patron of the main cave temple on the island.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|pp=9-10}} According to numismatist Shobhana Gokhale, these low-value coins may have been used to pay the wages of the workers involved in the cave excavation.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=10}} ElloraThe earliest of the Brahmanical caves at Ellora appear to have been built during the Kalachuri reign, and possibly under Kalachuri patronage. For example, the Ellora Cave No. 29 shows architectural and iconographic similarities with the Elephanta Caves.{{sfn|Geri Hockfield Malandra|1993|p=6}} The earliest coin found at Ellora, in front of Cave No. 21 (Rameshvara), was issued by Krishnaraja.{{sfn|Charles Dillard Collins|1988|p=9}} RulersThe following are the known rulers of the Kalachuri dynasty of Malwa with their estimated reigns (IAST names in brackets):{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|p=37}}
See also
ReferencesBibliography{{ref begin}}
Further reading
External links{{commons category|Kalachuri Empire}}
4 : History of Gujarat|History of Madhya Pradesh|History of Maharashtra|Dynasties of India |
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