1. Beginning of the rebellion

2. Crush of the rebellion

3. Conclusion

4. Sources

Kalender Çelebi rebellion ore Kalender Şah rebellion, is a rebellion started in 1527 under the leadership of Kalender Çelebi. It was a rebellion against the Ottoman reign with a religious motive.

The leader of the rebellion Kalender Çelebi was also a sheikh of the Bektaşi tariqa. There are also rumours that he was a descendant of Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli. He also had support of the Safavids

Beginning of the rebellion

Kalender Çelebi who was intitled as a Şah was a Alevi leader in the region Maraş. Turkmen tribes who where influenced by Safavi propaganda and where dissatisfied by economical decay and new reformations supported Kalender Çelebi. the rebellion began simultaneously with the Battle of Mohács with the support of the following Turkmen tribes Çiçekli, Akça Koyunlu, Masadlı, Bozoklua and Splintered groups who remained after the Baba Zünnun rebellion also joined. With the support of a sunni Dulkadirli lords the rebellion grew in southeast Anatolia and to central Anatolia with the help of the sipahi's(Ottoman cavalry corps). According to different sources there where around 30.000 men gathered around Kalender Çelebi. The news of the rebellion reached Kanuni Sultan Süleyman in Petrovaradin when he was on his way back from the Battle of Mohács. Anatolian lords such as Behram Paşa and Mahmud Paşa where send to crush the rebellion before they arrived Kalender Çelebi already defeated Yakup Paşa in Sivas. In diyarbakir Kalender Çelebi had to retreat but later also won from Behram Paşa in Karaçayır. different lords from Allepo and Karaman joined Behram Paşa and on 8 june 1527 in Tokat Cincife they fought Kalender but lost. In the battle lords of Karaman, Alâiye, Amasya, Birecik lost their lives.

Crush of the rebellion

After the growth of the rebellion Kanuni appointed Sadrazam Pargalı İbrahim Paşa in order to crush the rebellion with 3000 Janissaries and 2000 sipahi. When Kalender Çelebi noticed that he can't stand his ground against the Ottomans he wanted to flee to Iran, but later decided to go to Bagdat. Ibrahim gave lot of turkmen tribes their rights and land back and lot of turkmen tribes switched sides and became a part of the army of Ibrahim Paşa. Kalender had only 3000-4000 men left. Ibrahim knew this and sent his army after kalender who was later beheaded along with his companion Divâne Dündar.

Conclusion

This was one of the biggest Alevi-bektasi rebellions in history with a religious motive. after this rebellion the Alevi-bektasi people in Anatolia suffered lots of massacres and suppression, a lot of leaders were killed.

Sources

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