| 词条 | Kara Fatima Khanum |
| 释义 |
| name = Kara Fatima Khanum | image = File:Kara Fatima Khanum.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Kurdish | other_names = | occupation = Tribal leader, military commander | years_active = 1850s | known_for = | notable_works = }}Kara Fatima Khanum ("Black Lady Fatima". Kurdish: Fata Reş[1]) was a female chieftain of a Kurdish tribe from Marash (present Kahramanmaraş in southeastern Turkey). Her lifetime spanned the 19th century, though her exact dates are not easy to reference. She personally commanded a Kurdish contingent in the Crimean War to prove her loyalty to the Ottoman state following the imprisonment of her husband, the tribal leader.[2][3][4] According to the local historian Cezmi Yurtsever from the Kahramanmaraş-Adana area, Kara Fatma (1820-1865) was the nickname of Asiye Hanım from Andırın who fought during the Crimean War.[5] She featured prominently in The Illustrated London News of 22 April 1854, which devotes a long article and a full-page illustration to her arrival, with a large retinue of mounted warriors of her tribe, in Constantinople.[3] The Illustrated London News described her as: The Queen, or Prophetess -- for she is endowed with supernatural attributes -- is a little dark old woman of about sixty, with nothing of the amazon in her appearance, although she wears what seems to be intended for male attire, and bestrides her steed like the warriors of her train. She is attended by two handmaids, like herself in masculine costume, and was brought across the Bosphorus, with a select band of followers, to a species of barrack in Stamboul.[2]Fatima Khanum arrived in Constantinople at the beginning of the Crimean war with a retinue of 300 horsemen "to request an audience with the padishah to show support and offer assistance."[6] One German observer described her as having a "manly look".[6] Fatima Khanum's exact dates appear uncertain, however, and scholar Michael Gunter has suggested that she fought in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877.[7] In 1887 the Chicago Tribune described Kara Fatima as 'The Redoubtable female warrior of Kurdistan'. The newspaper notes that the Ottoman government provided her with a monthly stipend and describes her as 'tall, thin, with a brown, hawklike face; her cheeks are the colour of parchment, and her face is reamed with scars. Wearing the national dress of the sterner sex, she looks like a man of 40, not like a woman who will never again see 75.'[8] References1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Benigo|first=Ofra|date=Winter 2016|title=Game Changers:Kurdish Women in Peace and War|url=https://dabdulkader.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/out.pdf|journal=MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL|volume=VOLUME 70, NO. 1,|pages=|via=}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kara Fatima Khanum}}2. ^1 {{Cite book|title=From Adela Khanun to Leyla Zana: Women as Political Leaders in Kurdish History (from Women of a Non-State Nation: The Kurds, by Shahrzad Mojab (ed))|last=van Bruinessen|first=Martin|publisher=Mazda Publishers|year=2001|isbn=1568590938|location=California|pages=95-112}} 3. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zRcoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=Kara+Fatima+Khanum&source=bl&ots=x5Go-UAk0l&sig=wmkn9MCL9s5aTeef_OfPaox0njQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy_6jvp5HWAhUCApoKHZ8QBqwQ6AEIYjAN#v=onepage&q=Kara%20Fatima%20Khanum&f=false|title=Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War|last=Gunter|first=Michael|date=2014-11-15|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781849045322|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2014/3/syriakurd1090.htm|title=The Kurdish women's revolution|website=ekurd.net|access-date=2017-09-06}} 5. ^Hürriyet newspaper 16.02.2007 6. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=caCDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=Kara+Fatima+Khanum&source=bl&ots=rY6xVsEqeM&sig=ACfU3U0TRLb614UgzyxreuFIt8RZpqvOMg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib0ZyGmvjgAhWEqHEKHa53Bcs4ChDoATACegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=Kara%20Fatima%20Khanum&f=false|title=Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland|last=Bengio|first=Ofra|date=2014-11-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292758131|language=en}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zRcoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=Kara+Fatima+Khanum&source=bl&ots=x5LmWWxd-l&sig=ACfU3U0zpI9p-IQX8riCCM2xxx3rrOWkVA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir8oXsm_jgAhWQXRUIHUUdCHc4FBDoATAEegQIBBAB#v=onepage&q=Kara%20Fatima%20Khanum&f=false|title=Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War|last=Gunter|first=Michael|date=2014-11-15|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781849045322|language=en}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1887/11/01/page/9/article/kara-fatma-the-amazon|title=KARA FATMA, THE AMAZON. (November 1, 1887)|access-date=2017-09-06}} 9 : Kurdish female military and paramilitary personnel|Kurdish people of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman military personnel of the Crimean War|Women of the Ottoman Empire in warfare|People from Kahramanmaraş|Kurdish people|Kurdish women|19th-century people of the Ottoman Empire|Women in 19th-century warfare |
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