| 词条 | 451st Air Expeditionary Group |
| 释义 |
|unit_name= 451st Air Expeditionary Group | image=451aeg-1a.jpg | image_size = 290 |caption=An MQ-1 Predator taxis for an Operation Enduring Freedom mission |dates=1943–1945; 1961–1965; 2002–present |country= {{USA}} |branch={{air force|USA}} |type= |role=Command of Air Expeditionary forces |size=Wing |command_structure= 9th Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force |current_commander= Col Lucey |garrison= Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan |mascot= |battles=World War II European Campaign (1943–1945) Global War on Terrorism Afghanistan |anniversaries= |identification_symbol= |identification_symbol_label=451st Air Expeditionary Wing emblem |identification_symbol_2= |identification_symbol_2_label=451st Strategic Missile Wing emblem (Approved 29 June 1962)[1] |identification_symbol_3= |identification_symbol_3_label=Unofficial 451st Bombardment Group emblem[2] }} The 451st Air Expeditionary Group is a provisional United States Air Force USAFCENT unit. It is assigned to Kandahar Airfield and is also the host unit at Kandahar. It reports to the 455th Air Expeditionary Wing at Bagram Air Base. The group provides an airpower presence in the Afghanistan area of operations. Its airmen provide intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, command and control, remotely piloted aircraft operations, and airborne data link capabilities. During the Cold War, the Strategic Air Command 451st Strategic Missile Wing was the first fully operational HGM-25A Titan I ICBM wing in 1962. During World War II, the wing's predecessor unit, the 451st Bombardment Group was a Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombardment organization, assigned to Fifteenth Air Force in Italy. Units
HistoryWorld War IIOrganization and training in the United StatesThe first predecessor of the group was activated on 1 May 1943 as the 451st Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, with the 724th, 725th, 726th and 727th Bombardment Squadron]]s assigned as its original elements.[5][6] Although original plans were for the group to be an Operational Training Unit at Davis-Monthan, instead a cadre of the group moved to Dyersburg Army Air Base, Tennessee, where it was filled out by personnel drawn from the 346th Bombardment Group. Key group staff, plus the commanders and a model crew from each squadron received advanced tactical training with the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida. This cadre joined the remainder of the group at Wendover Field, Utah for training with the Consolidated B-24 Liberator.[7] The group continued its training at Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska, starting in September. On 18 November, the air echelon of the group departed Fairmont for staging at Lincoln Army Air Field, Nebraska to ferry their aircraft via the Southern Ferrying Route to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. The ground echelon left on 26 November for the Port of Embarkation at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia for transportation by ship.[8] Combat operationsThe group arrived at Gioia del Colle Airfield, Italy at the beginning of January 1944, although the air echelon remained at Telergma Airfield, Algeria until 20 January to conduct additional training.[9] The group functioned primarily as a strategic bombing unit, attacking targets like oil refineries, marshalling yards, aircraft factories and airfields in Italy, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Greece and Albania. It earned a Distinguished Unit Citation during Big Week for an attack on a Messerschmitt aircraft factory at Regensburg, Germany on 25 February 1944. It added oak leaf clusters to this award for an attack on oil refineries and marshalling yards at Ploesti, Romania on 5 April 1944 and on Markersdorf-Haindorf Airfield near Vienna, Austria on 23 August 1944. On each of these missions the 451st was opposed by large numbers of enemy interceptor aircraft and heavy flak, but fought its way through to inflict serious damage on the targets and destroy many enemy aircraft.[5] When returning from the Regensburg attack, runway conditions at Gioia del Colle were so poor that the aircraft of the 451st Group were unable to land there, but spread out among a number of bases in Italy. These poor conditions continued and on 8 March group headquarters and the 724th and 726th Squadrons moved to San Pancrazio Airfield, Italy, while the 725th and 727th Squadrons moved to Manduria Airfield.[10] On 6 April, the group assembled at Castelluccio Airfield. From its new base, the group also flew air support and interdiction missions. It helped prepare the way for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944. The following month its bombers transported supplies to forces operating in Italy, It also supported Operation Grapeshot, the final advance of Allied armies in northern Italy.[5] The group's last mission was flown on 26 April 1945 against marshalling yards at Sachsenburg, Austria.[11] Infamously responsible for the bombing of a primary school in Milan's neighborhood of Gorla on 20 October 1944 which caused the death of 184 children and their teachers.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} The group left Italy in June 1945, with the air echelon ferrying their planes, while most of the ground echelon sailed on the {{USS|General M. C. Meigs}} to Newport News, Virginia.[12] The group assembled later in the month at Dow Field, Maine, where it was inactivated on 26 September 1945.[5] Personnel that were not discharged from the service on return to the United States were transferred to Air Transport Command units at Dow.[12] Strategic Air CommandThe second predecessor of the group was organized at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado as the 451st Strategic Missile Wing (ICBM-Titan) on 1 July 1961. The wing assumed the missiles, personnel and equipment of the inactivating 703d Strategic Missile Wing.[13] The 703d Wing had never achieved full operational status,[14] so 451st became the first fully operational operational HGM-25A Titan I missile wing. Construction on all 18 silos at the six launch complexes was completed by 4 August 1961. On 18 April 1962, Headquarters SAC declared wing's the 724th Squadron operational, and two days later the first Titan Is went on alert status. A month later, the sister 725th Strategic Missile Squadron, which had replaced the 849th Strategic Missile Squadron, declared it had placed all nine of its Titan Is on alert status, which marked a first in Strategic Air Command.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} On 19 November 1964, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara announced the phase-out of remaining first-generation SM-65 Atlas and Titan I missiles by the end of June 1965. This objective was met. All wing missiles went off alert status on 26 March 1965 and the wing phased down for inactivation. On 25 June 1965, the wing and the 724th and 725th Squadrons were inactivated.[1] SAC removed the last missile from Lowry on 14 April 1965.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Global War on TerrorismThe 451st Air Expeditionary Group was activated in 2002, conducting operations from Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan. The group was responsible for air control of the southern region of Afghanistan, launch and recovery operations for the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper aircraft, the employment of combat search and rescue forces throughout the entire country and ground security and defense of the airfield. Included in the group are safety, logistics, communications, civil engineer. Due to the growth in size and requirements of the USAF mission at Kandahar, the 451 AEG was enlarged to a wing-level organization, redesignated as the 451st Air Expeditionary Wing (451 AEW) and activated as such on 2 July 2009.[15] The wing was downsized to a group in January 2014 as part of the Afghanistan drawdown.[16] Former components:
Lineage
Activated on 1 May 1943 Redesignated 451st Bombardment Group, Heavy on 10 May 1943 Inactivated on 26 September 1945[22] Consolidated on 31 January 1984 with the 451st Strategic Missile Wing as the 451st Strategic Missile Wing[23]
Organized 1 July 1961 Discontinued and inactivated on 25 June 1965[24] Consolidated on 31 January 1984 with the 451st Bombardment Group
Activated 2 May 2002[16]
Assignments
455th Air Expeditionary Wing, 2 May 2002 9th Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force, 2 July 2009 - present Components
Stations{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Aircraft{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
References{{Portal|United States Air Force|Military of the United States}}Notes
1. ^1 Ravenstein, p. 247 2. ^See Maurer, Combat Units, p. 326 (no approved emblem). 3. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.kdab.afcent.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123209533 |last1=Thornton|first1=TSG Renni|title=62nd ERS reaches 250K flying hours in AOR|date=June 16, 2010|publisher=451st Air Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213612/http://www.kdab.afcent.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123209533 |archivedate=5 November 2013 |accessdate=December 26, 2016}} 4. ^Aircraft is Consolidated B-24H-30-CF serial 42-50443 displaying 304th Bombardment Wing markings c. 1945. The upper tail surface and circle were red. 5. ^1 2 3 Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 325-326 6. ^Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 721-723 7. ^History of the 451st Group, pp. 1-2 8. ^History of the 451st Group, pp. 7-9 9. ^History of the 451st Group, p. 10 10. ^History of the 451st Group, p. 11 11. ^History of the 451st Group, p. 33 12. ^1 History of the 451st Group, p. 35 13. ^Ravenstein, p. 247 14. ^Ravenstein, pp. 292-293 15. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/119154/general-takes-to-the-sky-in-afghanistan.aspx |last1=Krenke|first1=Lt Col Ellen|title=General takes to the sky in Afghanistan|date=September 15, 2009|publisher=American Forces Press Service|accessdate=December 25, 2016}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url= http://www.afcent.af.mil/Units/455thAirExpeditionaryWing/News/Display/tabid/316/Article/502605/451st-air-expeditionary-wing-transitions-to-group-at-kandahar-airfield.aspx |last1=Rihn|first1=SMS Gary J.|title=451st Air Expeditionary Wing transitions to Group at Kandahar Airfield|publisher=United States Air Force Central Command Public Affairs|date=January 2, 2008|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121030115737/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10131 |archivedate=30 October 2012 |accessdate=December 24, 2016}} 17. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123306684 |last1=Hartnett|first1=Capt Frank|title=702nd Expeditionary Airlift Squadron deactivates at Kandahar Airfield|date=June 20, 2012|publisher=451st Air Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801230006/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123306684 |archivedate=1 August 2013 |accessdate=December 26, 2016}} 18. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/467862/rescue-squadron-deactivates-at-camp-bastion.aspx |last1=Martin|first1=1 Lt Trevor|title=Rescue squadron deactivates at Camp Bastion|date=January 6, 2014|publisher=451st Air Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs|accessdate=December 26, 2016}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130212/NEWS/302120314/Last-rescue-squadrons-leaving-Kandahar |title=Last rescue squadrons leaving Kandahar |last=Schogol |first=Jeff |date=12 February 2013 |newspaper= |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140107054110/www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130212/NEWS/302120314/Last-rescue-squadrons-leaving-Kandahar |archive-date=7 January 2014 |dead-url=yes |work=Air Force Times |via= }} 20. ^ {{cite web|url= http://www.afcent.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123334576 |last1=Hinderliter|first1=Capt Tristan|title=Rescue squadrons close chapter in southern Afghanistan|date=February 4, 2013|publisher=U.S. Air Forces Central Command Public Affairs|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107002800/http://www.afcent.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123334576 |archivedate=7 January 2014 |accessdate=December 26, 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.afcent.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123372733 |last1=Smith|first1=Capt Jason|title=651st EAES scheduled for deactivation|date=December 4, 2013|publisher=U.S. Air Forces Central Command Public Affairs|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107005242/http://www.afcent.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123372733 |archivedate=7 January 2014 |accessdate=December 26, 2016}} 22. ^Group lineage in Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 325-326 23. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432979/451-air-expeditionary-group-acc/ |last1=Robertson|first1=Patsy|title=Factsheet 451 Air Expeditionary Group (ACC)|date=December 3, 2009|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|accessdate=December 26, 2016}} 24. ^Wing lineage in Ravenstein, p. 247 25. ^Assignments through May 2002 in Robertson, Factsheet 451st Air Expeditionary Group.
Bibliography{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
External links
|list ={{Strategic Air Command}}{{USAAF 15th Air Force World War II}}{{USAAF 4th Air Force World War II}}{{USAAF 3d Air Force World War II}}{{USAAF 2d Air Force World War II}} }}{{Strategic Air Command}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} 1 : Air expeditionary groups of the United States Air Force |
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