| 词条 | Kazakh famine of 1919–1922 |
| 释义 |
| name = Kazakh famine of 1919–22 | native_name = | image = SovietCentralAsia1922.svg | alt = | caption = Map of the Kirghiz ASSR and Turkestan ASSR, 1922 | country = Soviet Union | location = Kirghiz ASSR and Turkestan ASSR | coordinates = | period = 1919–1922 | excess_mortality = | from_disease = | total_deaths = 400,000[1]–750,000[2] | death_rate = | observations = Droughts, failures of collectivization and Prodrazvyorstka | theory = | relief = Aid provided by the Workers International Relief, and American Relief Administration | food_situation = | demographics = 19% to 33% of the Kazakh population died | consequences = | memorial = | preceded = Russian famine of 1891–92 | succeeded = Kazakh famine of 1932–33 }} The Kazakh famine of 1919–1922,[1] also referred to as the Turkestan famine of 1919–1922,[1] was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Kirghiz ASSR (present-day Kazakhstan) and Turkestan ASSR as a result of war communism policy,{{sfn|Mizelle|2002|p=18}}[2] in which 400,000[3] to 750,000[4] peasants died. The event was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of the USSR,{{sfn|Millar|2004|p=56}} in which up to 5,000,000 people died in total.{{sfn|Millar|2004|p=270}}[5] BackgroundThe famine was caused by severe intermittent drought conditions, aggravated by the Russian Civil War and the policy of Prodrazvyorstka adopted by the Soviet government.[3] FamineBy 1919, roughly half of the population was starving. Epidemics of typhus and malaria were also widespread. The greatest percentage of losses of the Kazakh population was in Aktyubinsk, Akmola, Kustanai and Ural provinces.[4] According to the estimates of demographers, about 19% of the population died, which is equivalent to 400,000 people.[3] However, Turar Ryskulov, chairman of the Central Electoral Committee of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, estimated that "about one third of the population must have died", which is equivalent to 750,000 people.[4] ReliefThe Soviet government invited international organizations, such as Workers International Relief to provide relief[6], and the American government provided aid to starving Kazakhs from 1920 to 1923 through the American Relief Administration.{{sfn|Millar|2004|p=56}} 1923 and 1924 were turning points in the restoration of the national economy and the hardest hitting phase of the famine ended in 1922. However, shortages, starvation, and illness continuedthroughout 1923 and into 1924.[3] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Famine: perspectives from the past and present|url=http://www.les-treilles.com/famine-perspectives-from-the-past-and-present-2/|website=Foundation Les Treilles|accessdate=1 May 2017|date=25 February 2013}} 2. ^{{Citation|title=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression|date=October 1999|url=https://books.google.com/?id=H1jsgYCoRioC|last1=Werth|last2=Panné|last3=Paczkowski|last4=Bartosek|last5=Margolin|first1=Nicolas|first2=Jean-Louis|first3=Andrzej|first4=Karel|first5=Jean-Louis|author1-link=Nicolas Werth|author3-link=Andrzej Paczkowski|pages=92–97; 116–21|publisher=Harvard University Press|editor-last=Courtois|editor-first=Stéphane|editor-link=Stéphane Courtois|isbn=978-0-674-07608-2}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{ru icon}} {{Cite paper|last=Krasnobaeva|first=N. L.|title=Население Казахстана в конце XIX-первой четверти XX века [Population of Kazakhstan from late 19th to early 20th centuries]|accessdate=2016-09-26|date=2004|language=|url=http://cheloveknauka.com/naselenie-kazahstana-v-kontse-xix-pervoy-chetverti-xx-veka|journal=|volume=|pages=}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF2QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=Central Asia: Aspects of Transition|last=Everett-Heath|first=Tom|date=8 December 2003|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781135798239|location=|pages=7|language=en}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-famine-040411.html|title=How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921-23 famine|last=Haven|first=Cynthia|date=4 April 2011|website=Stanford News Service|language=|access-date=28 April 2017}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlRc3KqcDygC&pg=PA176|title=American Communism and Soviet Russia|last=Draper|first=Theodore|date=1960|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=|isbn=9781412816915|location=|pages=176|language=en}} Sources
Further reading
3 : Famines in the Soviet Union|1920s in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Disasters in Kazakhstan |
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