| 词条 | Kazue Togasaki |
| 释义 |
BiographyKazue Togasaki was born on June 29, 1897 in San Francisco, California to Japanese immigrants, Shige Kushida and Kikumatsu Togasaki.[3] Her father studied law and her mother came from a family of merchants. After her father was unable to get a job in his profession, Togasaki’s mother taught her father how to run a business, and they opened up a store that sold Japanese tea, rice, and chinaware.[2] She was the eldest daughter and the second born in a family of nine children.[3] Kazue Togasaki was described by her family as a strong-willed and domineering figure in the household. She planned out her younger siblings’ courses in order to get them on the right track into the medical field.[3] Many of her siblings went on to practice medicine, after she became a doctor, as followed: Mitsuye Togasaki Shide (fourth-born sister) and Chiye Togasaki Yamanaka (sixth-born sister) both became registered nurses after obtaining their RN degree, Yoshiye Togasaki (fifth-born sister) and Teru Togasaki (seventh-born sister) both obtained their MD degrees and became physicians, and Yaye Togasaki Breitenbach (eight-born sister) became a psychiatrist for the Veterans Administration. Kazue Togasaki’s brothers were also dominating highly impressive careers in politics, journalism and computer science. None of her younger sisters were married, and were also deemed examples of strong-willed and independent women, just like Kazue Togasaki.[3] EducationDuring her childhood education, Kazue Togasaki and her brothers went to an all-Japanese school, and this was the time in which school segregation against Japanese Americans was prevalent until the arrival of the Gentlemen’s Agreement. This agreement served to desegregate schools for Japanese children in order for Japan to curtail emigration to the United States. Even after desegregation, Kazue Togasaki and her brothers still faced major discrimination from other white classmates.[2] Kazue Togasaki’s higher education began at UC Berkeley for two semesters, and then she transferred to Stanford began in 1920, where she received her bachelor degree in Zoology. After obtaining her bachelor degree, Togasaki worked as a maid for a little bit before going into a nursing program.[2] She received her RN degree at the Children’s Hospital School of Nursing in 1924; however, due to the discrimination against Japanese nurses, she was unable to work in the hospital where she received her training. When she lost her nursing job, she decided to get another degree in public health at the University of California in 1927.[3] After obtaining her degree in public health, following the outspoken beliefs of her parents, Togasaki decided to apply for medical school and enrolled in a medical school in 1929.[2] Togasaki earned her medical degree from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1933.[2] Early lifeTogakasi came from a family of devout Christians; therefore, they regularly welcomed immigrants arriving from Japan and offered them a place in their home.[3] After the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, Togasaki's mother Shige Kushida turned a church into a hospital. At nine years old, Togasaki along with her siblings helped their mother by translating for immigrant women to doctors. These charitable acts became a norm within the family and was most likely the greatest influence for the daughters in their future careers in medicine. Togasaki applied to different medical schools; however, at the time, medical schools were highly discriminatory towards women and Japanese Americans. She was accepted at Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and became one of the first Japanese American women to earn a doctorate of medicine in the United States. She set an example for her sisters, and soon after, her sisters followed in her footsteps and became physicians and registered nurses.[1] CareerKazue Togasaki started her career in the medical field as a nurse; however, due to her parents’ opinions about education, she decided to become a physician instead.[3] She worked as a fundraiser and secretary, and after that studied public health nursing at the University of California for one year, before enrolling in medical school in 1929.[4] After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Kazue Togasaki, her father, and most of her siblings, along with other Japanese Americans, were detained by the US government; however, some of Togasaki’s siblings were not incarcerated because they were away for work.[3] During World War II she was detained for a month at the Tanforan Assembly Center, and she was asked to start providing medical services, such as administering vaccinations, delivering babies, and more, to other Japanese detainees who were held at the center.[2] While there, she delivered fifty babies and led an all-Japanese-American medical team.[4] She was afterwards sent five times to other assembly and relocation centers (including Topaz, Tule Lake, and Manzanar) before being let out in 1943.[2][4][5] In 1947, after World War II, Kazue returned to San Francisco to continue her medical practice.[2] She then opened a medical practice in San Francisco, where she worked until she retired at the age of 75.[4] Togasaki’s devotion obstetrics and gynecology has helped built her reputation as a pillar in the Japanese American community, as she never once took days off from work for a vacation.[3] Throughout her career, she has helped deliver thousands of babies.[4] During her earlier career, she often treated Japanese women, but later on in her career, she began treating a more diverse group of patients.[3] During the time that she had the medical practice, Kazue Togasaki remembered her charitable roots and treated families regardless of their ability to pay. She opened her own home to unwed mothers and terminally ill patients. Togasaki also often invited unwed mothers to stay at her house, delivered their babies, and helped the mothers through the adoption process.[3] She also extended her hands to house Japanese American students who were there to study at the University of California.[3] In 1970, she was recognized as one of the "Most Distinguished Women of 1970" by the San Francisco Examiner for all of her good deeds.[3] Other women of Japanese ancestry that studied medicine in the United States around the same time include: Keiko Okami, who earned her medical degree in 1889,[6] and Megumi Shinoda, who earned her medical degree in 1933.[3] DeathShe retired from her profession at the age of 75.[3] When Togasaki's memory began to fail her, she persisted for twenty years with Alzheimer's disease before she died on December 15, 1992 at the age of 95.[1] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite book| last1 = Ware | first1 = Susan | last2 = Braukman | first2 = Stacy | title = Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century | publisher = Belknap Press | year = 2005 | page = 639 | isbn = 9780674014886}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Togasaki, Kazue}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|url=http://hoodline.com/2015/08/kazue-togasaki-quake-world-war-neighborhoods|title=Pioneering Japanese-American Doctor Remembers Quake, World War II, Her Neighborhoods|last=Beggs|first=Marjorie|date=August 30, 2015|website=Hoodline|publisher=Pixel Labs, Inc|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-10}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaMu4F06AQC&dq|title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century, Volume 5|last=Ware|first=Susan|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2004|isbn=067401488X|location=|pages=639–640}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news|url=https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/american-has-long-history-pitting-politics-against-public-health|title=America Has a Long History of Pitting Politics Against Public Health|last=Yuko|first=Elizabeth|date=2015-09-30|work=Bitch Media|access-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=2003&mtch=13&tf=F&q=Togasaki&bc=,sl,fd&rpp=50&pg=1&rid=92522&rlst=92518,92520,92521,92522,92525,92526,92527,92528,92529,92530|title=Japanese-American Internee Data File: KAZUE TOGASAKI|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/08/19th-century-women-medical-school_n_5093603.html|title=Meet The Three Female Medical Students Who Destroyed Gender Norms A Century Ago|last=Rao|first=Mallika|date=2014-04-08|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-US}} 11 : 1897 births|1992 deaths|American obstetricians|American women physicians|American women of Japanese descent|American physicians of Japanese descent|Japanese-American internees|Stanford University alumni|Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni|Women physicians|People from San Francisco |
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