| 词条 | Kelulus |
| 释义 |
Kelulus or kalulus is a type of boat used in Indonesia. It is typically small in size, keelless, and propelled using oar or paddle. This type of craft were traditionally used for short transit in protected waters. It is not the same as prahu kalulis of Western part of the archipelago. DescriptionEarliest report of kelulus is from Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) of the 14th century, they are mentioned as one type of vessel used by Majapahit empire. Although they are not well described, kelulus is one of Majapahit's main type of vessel used after jong and malangbang.[1] From Portuguese sources, they are transcribed as calaluz (calaluzes for plural form). The Portuguese described it as "A kind of swift rowing vessel used in the Indian Archipelago".[2] Tome Pires in 1515 reported that the pates (dukes) of Java has many calaluz for raiding, and described:"...but they are not fit to go out of the shelter of the land. Kelulus were specialty of Java. They are carved in a thousand and one ways, with figures of serpents, and gilt; they are ornamental. Each of them has many of these, and they are very much painted, and they certainly look well and are made in a very elegant way, and they are for kings to amuse themselves in, away from the common people. They are rowed with paddles." "... They go out in triumphal cars, and if they go by sea [they go] in painted calaluzes, so clean and ornamental, with so many canopies that the rowers are not seen by the lord; "[3]In 1537, Javanese kelulus encountered in Patani are described as having two rows of oars: one is made of paddles, the other one is "as galleys"; they carried 100 soldiers, with much artillery and firearms. Gonçalo de Souza, in his Coriosidades writes that they have 27 oars (54 rowers?) and 20 soldiers and are armed with small swivel guns (falconselhos) at bow and stern.[4] Spanish dictionary lists them as "Small boat used in the East Indies". UsageKelulus were used as transport vessel or war boat. Majapahit overseas invasion used kelulus, usually in uncountable numbers.[1] The pati of Java had many war kelulus for raiding coastal villages. During the Demak Sultanate attack on Portuguese Malacca of 1513, kelulus were used as armed troop transports for landing alongside penjajap and lancaran, as the Javanese junks were too large to approach shore.[5] Queen Kalinyamat of Jepara attacked Portuguese Malacca in 1574 with 300 vessels, 220 of which are calaluzes and the rest were jong. The attack ended in failure for the Javanese.[6]See Also
References1. ^1 Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai, 3: 98: After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus. 2. ^{{Cite book|title=The Travels of Mendes Pinto|last=Pinto|first=Fernão Mendes|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=0226923231|location=Chicago|pages=}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Suma Oriental|last=Pires|first=Tome|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|year=|isbn=9784000085052|location=|pages=}} 4. ^Coriosidades de Gonçalo de Souza, manuscript in the Biblioteca da Universidade de Coimbra, Ms. 3074, fol. 38vo. 5. ^{{Cite book|title=A History of Malaya|last=Winstedt|first=Sir Richard|publisher=Marican|year=1962|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 6. ^Sumatra, 431. William Marsden, Cambridge University Press (2012). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants. 7 : Ships of Indonesia|Indonesian inventions|Ship types|Indigenous boats|Traditional boats|Boats of Indonesia|Human-powered watercraft |
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