| 词条 | Keshcarrigan Bowl |
| 释义 |
The Keshcarrigan Bowl is an Iron age bronze bowl discovered to the north of Keshcarrigan, county Leitrim, Ireland, in the 19th century. The bowl was found in the waterway between Lough Scur and Lough Marrave ("lake of death").{{sfn|Mulvany, Fraser, Roberts, Mulvany, O'Flaherty|1852|pp=lix}} It was perhaps a ceremonial drinking cup.{{sfn|Waddell|1998|pp=325}} The bowl would have been a prestigious item in 1st century Ireland, the bird-shaped handle outstandingly designed and skillfully executed.{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=94}}{{sfn|Allen|1898|pp=5}} The Keshcarrigan Bowl is in the archaeology branch of the National Museum of Ireland.{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=92}} The Keshcarrigan bowl is considered one of the finest classic cast bronze cups, or drinking vessel. Made of bright-yellow metal, it was discovered {{nobreak|{{circa|1842|1850}}}} during the building of the "Ulster Canal".{{sfn|Mulvany, Fraser, Roberts, Mulvany, O'Flaherty|1852|pp=lix}}{{sfn|Waddell|1998|pp=325}}{{sfn|Wilde|1857|534}} The bowl is a fine golden bronze only {{convert|14|cm|1}} wide and {{convert|1|mm}} in thickness, being cast or beaten into shape before being finished and polished by being spun on a lathe.{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=92}}{{sfn|Harding|2007|pp=183}}{{sfn|Waddell|1998|pp=323}} The neck was finished off against an internal mould.{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=92}} The principal decorative feature of the bowl is its cast bronze zoomorphic handle, following the graceful shape of a bird-beast head of a somewhat nondescript appearance influenced by the flamboyant ornamentation of its time, soldered to the body of the vessel at the base and loosely connected to the vessel neck.{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=92}}{{sfn|Allen|1898|pp=52}} The ridge at the front of the bird-head, the 'shield' below, and impression of a beak turning-backward, are all characteristic of the male-Shelduck.{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=95}} In 2018 it was shown on an Irish postage stamp, after featuring in A History of Ireland in 100 Objects.[1] Style{{See also|Torrs Pony-cap and Horns|Witham Shield|Wandsworth Shield}}The brilliantly modeled ducks-head handle on the Keshcarrigan bowl is an early masterpiece of the style, comparable to the best British work of the period such as the bird-finials on the Torrs Chamfrein horns,{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=94}} the stylistic identity of both heads representing ducks, and both having empty slots for studs in the eyes.{{sfn|Atkinson, Piggott|1953|pp=223}} The Torrs style originated in Britain in the middle or second half of the third century BC. The Keshcarrigan cup is on stylistic grounds likely to be contemporary with the Torrs pieces, with the “crimped” pattern on the rim of the Keshcarrigan bowl perhaps comparable with similar techniques used on the circular Wandsworth boss and the terminal circular insignias on the Witham Shield. The bowl seems to have close affinities to pottery bowls of identical profile from Brittany, which have a similar “crimped” pattern on their inner rims. Being lathe-spun the age of the bowl suggests a comparatively late date at variance with the stylistic evidence. The bowl is of importance in showing the Torrs style is recorded in both Britain and Ireland.{{sfn|Atkinson, Piggott|1953|pp=231}} The cup resembles another found at Fore, County Westmeath, which is slightly earlier and imported from Britain, as this may also be.[2] PurposeThe bowl was intended for drinking purposes, for eating food out of, as a container, and ceremonial purposes.{{sfn|Waddell|1998|pp=325}}{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=94}}{{sfn|Allen|1898|pp=52}} Metal handled cups are a feature of late La Tène culture, and their production might have been stimulated by the re-appearance of wine-services imported from the Classical world.{{sfn|Spratling|1972|pp=221}}{{refn|The bowl was found in, or beside, Lough Marrave ({{lang-ga|Loch Marbh}}, "dead lake" or "lake of death"), perhaps deposited as a pagan ritual offering.|group=n|name=cupInDeadLake}} OriginSome sources suggest the bowl was imported across the Irish Sea because the practice of producing bronze bowls using a spinning technique was done in the Belgae workshops of south-east England, and Roman continental workshops, rather than Ireland.{{sfn|Harding|2007|pp=183}}{{sfn|Jope|1954|pp=93}} However the evidence for this conclusion is conjecture, and the Keshcarrigan bowl was just as likely made in Ireland.{{sfn|Spratling|1972|pp=220}} A reasonably close parallel to the Keshcarrigan cup is a handled vessel of willow, presumably Irish origin, in the National Museum of Ireland, and another bronze handle from a similar profile cup was discovered at County Galway.{{sfn|Spratling|1972|pp=220}} Conversely, though a similar handle was recently found in the Somerset hoard,{{sfn|Harding|2007|pp=183}} no other vessel of this style was found in southern Britain,{{sfn|Spratling|1972|pp=221}} so the practice of making bowls with ornamental bird handles must have become established in Ireland sometime in the early 1st Century AD.{{sfn|Jope|1971|pp=118}} Belgae refugeesO'Toole suggested the Keshcarrigan Bowl represents evidence for the movement of people into Ireland following upheavals in Celtic Europe in the century before and after the birth of Christ. Gallic Belgic tribes crossed into Britain as refugees from the Romans and displacing native people some of whom came to Ireland.{{sfn|O'Toole|2013|p=45}} See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^Page in A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 2. ^Wallace and O'Floinn, 4:7 (Fore), 4:8 (Keshcarrigan) Citations{{Reflist|42em}}Bibliography{{refbegin}}
|title=The Keshcarrigann Bowl and a Bronze Mirror-Handle from Ballymoney |first=E. M. |last=Jope |journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology |series=Third Series |volume=17 |year=1954 |pages=92–96 |jstor=20567432 |ref=harv}}
|title=Southern British Decorated Bronzes of the late pre-roman Iron Age |type=Ph.D. thesis |last=Spratling |first=Mansel Gilwern |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348978/1/337382_vol1.pdf |publisher=Facility of Arts, University of London |volume=1 |year=1972 |ref=harv}}{{refend}}
|title=The archaeology of Celtic Art |last=Harding |first=D. W. |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415351775 |url=http://www.archaeology.ru/Download/Harding/Harding_2007_The_Archaeology.pdf#page=216 |ref=harv}}
|jstor = 20489812|title = Appendix No. V: Notices of Antiquities Presented to the Royal Irish Academy by W. T. Mulvany, Esq., M. R. I. A., on the Part of the Commissioners of Public Works|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy |volume = 5|pages = xxxi–lxvi|last1 = Mulvany|first1 = W. T.|last2 = Fraser|first2 = William|last3 = Roberts|first3 = Samuel|last4 = Mulvany|first4 = Thomas J.|last5 = O'Flaherty|first5 = John|year = 1850}}
|authorlink=John Romilly Allen |title=Metal Bowls of the Late-Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Periods |journal=Archaeologia |volume = 56 |issue=1 |year=1898 |last=Allen |first=James Romilly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCM8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA52 |ref=harv}}
|title=The Torrs Chamfrein |series=Second series |year=1953 |journal=Archaeologia |volume=96 |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/4017.pdf |first1=R. J. C. |last=Atkinson |first2=Stuart |last2=Piggott |ref=harv}}
|title=A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities of Animal Material and Bronze in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy |year=1857 |url=https://archive.org/download/descriptivecatalvol1pt2royaiala/descriptivecatalvol1pt2royaiala.pdf |volume=1 |issue=part 2 |publisher=Dublin, Hodges, Smith and Co. |last=Wilde |first=W. R. |ref=harv}}
|title=Reviewed Work: Art of the European Iron Age. A Study of the Elusive Image by J. V. S. Megaw |first=E. M. |last=Jope |edition=Third Series |journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology |volume=34 |year=1971 |pages=115–119 |jstor=20567694 |ref=harv}}
|title=The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland |year=1998 |last=Waddell |first=John |url=https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/bitstream/handle/10379/1357/ThePrehistoricArchitectureOfIreland.pdf |publisher=Galway University Press |ref=harv}}
|authorlink=Fintan O'Toole |title=History of Ireland in 100 Objects |last=O'Toole |first=Fintan |publisher=An Post, The Irish Times, the National Museum of Ireland and the Royal Irish Academy |ref=harv}} [https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/a-history-of-ireland-in-100-objects-1.600517 entry from The Irish Times]{{refend}} 3 : Collection of the National Museum of Ireland|Celtic art|History of County Leitrim |
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