| 词条 | Kiev-class destroyer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|Ship image=File:Project48 & 48-K.jpg |Ship caption=Line drawings of the never-completed Kiev-class destroyers; Project 48 (top), Project 48-K (bottom). Both would have been the same length. }}{{Infobox ship class overview |Builders= |Operators={{navy|Soviet Union}} |Class before={{sclass-|Tashkent|destroyer|4}} |Class after=None |Built range=1939–1941 |Total ships planned=14 |Total ships completed= 0 |Total ships cancelled=11 |Total ships scrapped=3 }}{{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship type=Destroyer leader |Ship displacement=*{{convert|2350|LT|t|}} (standard)
|Ship length={{convert|127.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (o/a) |Ship beam={{convert|11.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship draft={{convert|4.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |Ship power=*3 water-tube boilers
|Ship propulsion= 3 shafts; 3 geared steam turbines |Ship speed={{convert|42|kn|lk=in}} |Ship range={{convert|4100|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}} |Ship complement=264 |Ship armament=* 3 × twin {{convert|130|mm|abbr=on}} guns
|Ship notes= }} |} The Kiev class ({{lang-ru|Киев}}) (officially designated as Project 48) was designed in 1939 for the Soviet Navy as a smaller class of destroyer leaders after the cancellation of the {{sclass-|Tashkent|destroyer|0}} ships that had been intended to be built in the Soviet Union. Only three ships were laid down; one was cancelled and scrapped before the Germans invaded in mid-1941 (Operation Barbarossa) and construction of the other two was suspended during the war. The navy considered completing them under a new Project 48-K configuration afterwards, but decided against that and either scrapped them or used them as targets. Background and descriptionOriginally three more Tashkents were ordered to be built in the Soviet Union, but it proved to be too difficult to marry the Italian design with Soviet shipbuilding practices and they were cancelled. Instead, the Soviets designed the Kiev class to be a smaller version with much the same armament as the Tashkent class. The Soviet Navy envisioned building 13 Kiev class ships in 1937 during the Third Five-Year Plan and then proposed 30 ships in its shipbuilding proposal in August 1939, but the government decided to only build half that number, with twelve in the first part of the five-year plan and three in the latter part. Of these twelve ships, the first eight were ordered as part of the Third Five-Year Plan–three ships for the Black Sea Fleet and five for the Baltic Fleet–and the remaining four on 10 April 1941, split between the Black Sea and Northern Fleets. Only three of these ships were laid down, all in 1939. On 19 October 1940, the government reevaluated the shipbuilding program in light of the changing international system and canceled all ships that had not yet been laid down. In addition, it ordered the one ship that had been started for the Baltic Fleet to be scrapped, and the pair being built for the Black Sea Fleet to be completed. A contributing factor in this decision may have been the Project 35 large-destroyer design scheduled for 1941 which was intended to have a dual-purpose main armament and much greater range.[1] The Kiev-class ships had an overall length of {{convert|127.8|m|ftin|sp=us}}, a beam of {{convert|11.7|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a mean draft of {{convert|4.2|m|ftin|sp=us}}.[2] The ships displaced {{convert|2350|LT|t}} at standard load and {{convert|3045|LT|t}} at deep load.[3] Their crew numbered 264 officers and sailors.[2] The ships had three geared steam turbines, each driving one three-bladed propeller using steam from three water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of {{convert|27|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} and a temperature of {{convert|350|°C}}. The turbines, designed to produce {{convert|90000|shp|lk=on}}, were intended to give the Kievs a maximum speed of {{convert|42|kn|lk=on}}. The ships had a maximum capacity of {{convert|750|t|LT|0|sp=us}} of fuel oil which gave them a range of {{convert|4100|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}. They were equipped with a pair of {{convert|165|kW|adj=on}} turbo generators and a pair of diesel generators, each of {{convert|50|kW}}.[4] ArmamentThe main armament of the Kiev-class ships consisted of six 50-caliber {{convert|130|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} B-13 guns in three twin-gun B-2-LM turrets, one superfiring pair forward of the superstructure and the other mount aft of it. The ships carried 900 rounds for their guns.[2] The B-13 gun fired a {{convert|33.4|kg|lb|adj=on|sp=us}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|870|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}, which gave them a range of {{convert|25597|m|yd|sp=us}}.[5] Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a twin-gun 39-K mount for 55-caliber {{convert|76.2|mm|adj=on|sp=us|0}} 34-K AA guns atop the rear superstructure. The 34-K guns could elevate between -5° and +85° and had a rate of fire of 15–20 rounds per minute. Their muzzle velocity of {{convert|801|m/s|ft/s|sp=us}} gave their {{convert|11.9|kg|lb|adj=on|disp=flip|sp=us}} high-explosive shells a maximum horizontal range of {{convert|14640|m|yd|sp=us}} and an effective ceiling of {{convert|6500|m|ft|sp=us}}. The ships were fitted with four twin-gun mounts for {{convert|12.7|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} DShK machine guns. The DShK had an effective rate of fire of 125 rounds per minute and an effective range against aircraft of {{convert|2500|m|yd|sp=us}}.[6] The ships carried ten {{cvt|533|mm|in|0}} torpedo tubes in two rotating quintuple mounts amidships. The ships could also carry 86 Model 1926 mines and 30 depth charges– Ships
In July 1941, the shipbuilding program was reevaluated in light of the Axis invasion the previous month and both Kiev and Yerevan were to be continued. Advancing German forces forced the ships that had been launched at Nikolayev to be evacuated in August to ports on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.[9] The two ships were towed to various ports before ending up in Batumi, Georgia in January 1942. They were towed back to Nikolayev on 12 April 1945 to finish building. The navy wanted to modify the design to reflect the latest war experience and the shipyard proposed in 1947 a complete modernization with weapons and radars that were still being designed. The proposal reduced the ships' speed to {{convert|36|kn}} and reduced the range to {{cvt|3500|nmi}} at {{convert|13|kn}}. The navy rejected this proposal and asked for a more realistic design the following year under Project 48-K.[10] The revised proposal equipped the ships with lighter, more efficient propulsion machinery that reduced speed to {{convert|39.5|kn}} for {{cvt|500|nmi}} more range. It replaced the anti-aircraft armament with a twin-gun turret for the 55-caliber {{convert|85|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 52-K gun and eight water-cooled, V-11 twin-gun mounts for the 74-caliber {{convert|37|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 70-K AA guns. Depth-charge stowage was increased to 48 BM-1s and the torpedo tubes were replaced by the latest type. These changes increased the standard displacement by almost {{convert|400|LT|t}} to {{convert|2722|LT|MT}}. The stability of the proposal was so limited that the latest gunnery radar could not be fitted and the ships were competing for resources with the Project 30-bis {{sclass-|Skoryy|destroyer|2}} Notes1. ^Platonov 2002, pp. 143–144; Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 45–46, 75, 99–100, 232 2. ^1 2 3 Platonov 2002, p. 145 3. ^Rohwer & Monakov, p. 100 4. ^Platonov 2002, pp. 145–146 5. ^Yakubov & Worth, p. 103 6. ^1 Yakubov & Worth, p. 104 7. ^1 Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 192, 232 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rohwer & Monakov, p. 232 9. ^Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 146–147, 232 10. ^Platonov 2002, p. 144; Platonov 2003, p. 69 11. ^Platonov 2003, pp. 68–69 Citations{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography
Further reading
3 : Destroyer classes|Destroyers of the Soviet Navy|Proposed ships |
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