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词条 Kimberly Prather
释义

  1. Education and early career

  2. Research

  3. Awards and honours

  4. References

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kimberly A. Prather
| workplaces = Scripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Riverside
| alma_mater = University of California, Davis
| website = https://caice.ucsd.edu/labs/kimberly-a-prather/
}}

Kimberly Prather is an American scientist who is Atmospheric Chemist and Distinguished Chair in Atmospheric Chemistry and Distinguished Professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UC San Diego. She studies how humans are influencing the atmosphere and climate. In 2019, she was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering. She is an elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Education and early career

Prather was born in Santa Rosa, California.[1] She studied at Santa Rosa Junior College and University of California, Davis, earning a Bachelor's degree in 1985 and a PhD in 1990.[2] She served as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Berkeley between 1990 and 1992, working with Nobel Laureate Yuan T. Lee.[1] Prather joined University of California, Riverside as an Assistant Professor in 1992.[3] During her time at UC Riverside she began to work on aerosol mass spectrometry, developing ways to make it compact and transportable. She patented the technology.[5][4][5][6][7]

Research

In 2001, Prather joined the faculty at the University of California, San Diego as a member of the Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[8] Prather's early research focused on determining the major sources of fine particle pollution in California as well as in the Northeastern United States.[9][10] As part of this research, she explored methods to distinguish between different aerosol sources based on their single particle composition and size.[9][11] She developed aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), a technique with high temporal and size resolution.[12][13] In 1999 she began to work with the University of Rochester studying the health effects of ultrafine particles.[14][15][16] She refined the detection technique so that it would precisely measure the size and composition of small particles.[17] The ultrafine ATOFMS was able to examine exhaust particles from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles.[18] She found that alongside the freeway, particles between 50 and 300 nm were mainly due to heavy-duty vehicles (51 %) and light-duty vehicles (32 %).[18] She used the ultrafine ATOFMS to study atmospheric composition, combining it with ozone and NOx measurements.[19][20] ATOFMS is now widely used in atmospheric studies around the world.[1]

In 2003, she joined the advisory board of United States Environmental Protection Agency PM2.5 Clean Air.[21] Between 2003 and 2006 Prather studied whether ATOFMS could be used to measure the carbonaceous components of aerosols (including PAHs) and help to understand atmospheric processes, distinguishing between organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC).[22] Prather showed it was possible to distinguish EC and OC on a single particle level, and investigated their chemical associations with ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate.[23] Her group explored ways to calibrate the ATOFMS data, making real-time apportionment of ambient particles possible.[23] They did this by classifying particles using an artificial neural network (ART-2a).[23] In 2008 she joined CalWater; a multi-year interdisciplinary research effort that looked to study the water supply in the West Coast of the United States.[24] Her PhD student Kerri Pratt led the Ice in Clouds Experiment - Layer Clouds (ICE-L) study.[25] ICE-L included the first aircraft ATOFMS, named Shirley.[25][26] Pratt and Prather studied ice crystals in situ on high speed aircraft flying above Wyoming, and found that the particles were mainly composed of dust or biological particles (bacteria, fungal spores or plants).[25] Understanding these composition of airborne particles is imperative to properly evaluate the impact of climate change, as well as providing insight into cloud formation.[25][27]

In 2010 she became the founding Director of the NSF [https://caice.ucsd.edu/ Center for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment] (CAICE).[28] The CAICE was made a National Science Foundation Phase II Center for Chemical Innovation in 2013.[29] In this role, Prather develops new analytical techniques for aerosol chemistry.[28] Her group demonstrated that dust and aerosols in the Sahara can influence precipitation in Western United States.[30] Prather studied the microbes that rise from the ocean, become airborne and contribute to the global temperature.[31] The experiment was conducted by storing thousands of gallons of water from the Pacific Ocean, provoking wind and waves and encouraging the growth of organisms.[31] As part of CAICE, her group was the first to identify the major factors controlling chemical composition of sea spray, finding that the characteristics depended on the physical forces and ocean biology of the waves.[29] They demonstrated two types of droplets; "film" drops that were full of microbes and organic materials, and "jet" drops that mainly contained sea salt and other biological species.[29] Prather's research team can explore the impact of carbon dioxide on the global temperature by controlling the amount entering their ocean simulation chamber.[31][32] The Scripps Ocean Atmosphere Research Simulator (SOARS) will open in 2020 and allow the study of how wind, temperature, sunlight and pollution impact the ocean.[33] The funding was extended by the National Science Foundation in 2018, with a second $20 million grant allowing them to investigate the interaction of human pollution with ocean-produced gases and aerosols.[34]

Awards and honours

  • 1994 American Society for Mass Spectrometry Research Award[35]
  • 1994 National Science Foundation Young Investigator[51]
  • 1997 National Science Foundation Special Creativity Award[51]
  • 1998 Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung Smoluchowski Award[36]
  • 1999 American Association for Aerosol Research Kenneth T. Whitby Award[37]
  • 2000 ACS Analytical Chemistry Arthur F. Findeis Award[38]
  • 2009 UCSD Faculty Sustainability Award[39]
  • 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow[40]2010 American Geophysical Union Fellow[41]
  • 2010 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow[42]
  • 2010 ACS Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology[43]
  • 2011 ACS San Diego Distinguished Scientist Award[44]
  • 2015 California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit Clean Air Award[45]
  • 2018 UC San Diego Chancellor’s Associates Excellence Award in Research in Science and Engineering{{cn|date=March 2019}}
  • 2019 Elected to the National Academy of Engineering{{cn|date=March 2019}}

References

1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/kprather/biocv|title=Bio|website=Research Profiles|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/kprather|title=Research Profiles|website=Research Profiles|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Quinn|first=Patricia K.|last2=Collins|first2=Douglas B.|last3=Grassian|first3=Vicki H.|last4=Prather|first4=Kimberly A.|last5=Bates|first5=Timothy S.|date=2015-04-06|title=Chemistry and Related Properties of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol|journal=Chemical Reviews|volume=115|issue=10|pages=4383–4399|doi=10.1021/cr500713g|pmid=25844487|issn=0009-2665}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://caice.ucsd.edu/labs/kimberly-a-prather/|title=Kimberly A. Prather|website=CAICE|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
5. ^{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Compact aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8648294B2/en|volume=|pages=|access-date=2019-01-01}}
6. ^{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Method and apparatus for determining the size and chemical composition of aerosol particles|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5681752A/en|volume=|pages=|access-date=2019-01-01}}
7. ^{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Portable analyzer for determining size and chemical composition of an aerosol|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5998215A/en|volume=|pages=|access-date=2019-01-01}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/acs-webinars/presenters/prather-kimberly.html|title=Prather, Kimberly|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/6146|title=Research Consortium on Ozone and Fine Particle Formation in California and in the Northeastern United States {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/6150|title=Research Consortium on Ozone and Fine Particle Formation in California and in the Northeastern United States: Cal Tech, UC-Riverside, UC-San Diego, UC-Davis Report {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bhave|first=Prakash V.|last2=Fergenson|first2=David P.|last3=Prather|first3=Kimberly A.|last4=Cass|first4=Glen R.|date=2001-05-01|title=Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter by Clustering Single-Particle Data: Tests of Receptor Model Accuracy|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=35|issue=10|pages=2060–2072|doi=10.1021/es0017413|issn=0013-936X}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bhave|first=Prakash V.|last2=Allen|first2=Jonathan O.|last3=Morrical|first3=Bradley D.|last4=Fergenson|first4=David P.|last5=Cass|first5=Glen R.|last6=Prather|first6=Kimberly A.|date=2002-11-01|title=A Field-Based Approach for Determining ATOFMS Instrument Sensitivities to Ammonium and Nitrate|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=36|issue=22|pages=4868–4879|doi=10.1021/es015823i|issn=0013-936X}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Song|first=Xin-Hua|last2=Hopke|first2=Philip K.|last3=Fergenson|first3=David P.|last4=Prather|first4=Kimberly A.|date=1999-02-01|title=Classification of Single Particles Analyzed by ATOFMS Using an Artificial Neural Network, ART-2A|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=71|issue=4|pages=860–865|doi=10.1021/ac9809682|issn=0003-2700}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/1098|title=Ultrafine Particles: Characterization, Health Effects and Pathophysiological Mechanisms {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Moffet|first=Ryan C.|last2=Shields|first2=Laura G.|last3=Berntsen|first3=Jon|last4=Devlin|first4=Robert B.|last5=Prather|first5=Kimberly A.|date=2004|title=Characterization of an Ambient Coarse Particle Concentrator Used for Human Exposure Studies: Aerosol Size Distributions, Chemical Composition, and Concentration Enrichment|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=38|issue=11|pages=1123–1137|doi=10.1080/027868290890344|issn=0278-6826}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/02786820600729138|title = Using ATOFMS to Determine OC/EC Mass Fractions in Particles|journal = Aerosol Science and Technology|volume = 40|issue = 8|pages = 585–594|year = 2006|last1 = Spencer|first1 = Matthew T.|last2 = Prather|first2 = Kimberly A.}}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Su|first=Yongxuan|last2=Sipin|first2=Michele F.|last3=Furutani|first3=Hiroshi|last4=Prather|first4=Kimberly A.|date=2004-02-01|title=Development and Characterization of an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with Increased Detection Efficiency|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=712–719|doi=10.1021/ac034797z|pmid=14750867|issn=0003-2700}}
18. ^1 {{Cite journal|date=2008-01-01|title=Using mass spectral source signatures to apportion exhaust particles from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles in a freeway study using UF-ATOFMS|journal=Atmospheric Environment|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=568–581|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.005|issn=1352-2310|last1=Toner|first1=Stephen M.|last2=Shields|first2=Laura G.|last3=Sodeman|first3=David A.|last4=Prather|first4=Kimberly A.}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/5579|title=Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Ultrafine Particles {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/887|title=Real-Time Monitoring of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Establishing Correlations Between Particle Size and Chemical Speciation {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.highlight/abstract/6274/report/F|title=Final Report {{!}} Advancing ATOFMS to a Quantitative Tool for Source Apportionment {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/6274|title=Advancing ATOFMS to a Quantitative Tool for Source Apportionment {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
23. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/6274/report/F|title=Final Report {{!}} Advancing ATOFMS to a Quantitative Tool for Source Apportionment {{!}} Research Project Database {{!}} Grantee Research Project {{!}} ORD {{!}} US EPA|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
24. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ralph|first=F. M.|last2=Prather|first2=K. A.|last3=Cayan|first3=D.|last4=Spackman|first4=J. R.|last5=DeMott|first5=P.|last6=Dettinger|first6=M.|last7=Fairall|first7=C.|last8=Leung|first8=R.|last9=Rosenfeld|first9=D.|date=2016|title=CalWater Field Studies Designed to Quantify the Roles of Atmospheric Rivers and Aerosols in Modulating U.S. West Coast Precipitation in a Changing Climate|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=97|issue=7|pages=1209–1228|doi=10.1175/bams-d-14-00043.1|issn=0003-0007}}
25. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2009-05-biological-particles-high-altitude-ice-clouds.html|title=First direct observations of biological particles in high-altitude ice clouds|website=phys.org|language=en-us|access-date=2019-01-01}}
26. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://atofms.cloud.ucsd.edu/instruments/atofms|title=Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry|last=|first=|date=|website=UCSD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-01}}
27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/geo/adgeo/advcomm/fy2010_cov/ags_atmosphere_cov_report.pdf|title=CORE QUESTIONS and REPORT TEMPLATE|last=|first=|date=|website=www.nsf.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-01}}
28. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://deepdecarbon.ucsd.edu/people/prather.html|title=Kimberly Prather|website=deepdecarbon.ucsd.edu|access-date=2019-01-01}}
29. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170619151528.htm|title=Chemistry of sea spray particles linked for first time to formation process: Sea spray aerosols that seed clouds over three-fourths of the earth are formed by 'film' or 'jet' droplets; exposing chemical distinction could improve climate models|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
30. ^{{Cite journal|last=Prather|first=Kimberly A.|last2=Tomlinson|first2=Jason M.|last3=Comstock|first3=Jennifer M.|last4=Minnis|first4=Patrick|last5=Ralph|first5=F. Martin|last6=White|first6=Allen B.|last7=Sullivan|first7=Ryan C.|last8=DeMott|first8=Paul J.|last9=Cazorla|first9=Alberto|date=2013-03-29|title=Dust and Biological Aerosols from the Sahara and Asia Influence Precipitation in the Western U.S.|journal=Science|language=en|volume=339|issue=6127|pages=1572–1578|doi=10.1126/science.1227279|issn=1095-9203|pmid=23449996}}
31. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/06/microbes-can-change-the-temperature/564092/|title=The Mysterious Microbes in the Sky|last=Greenwood|first=Veronique|date=2018-06-29|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}
32. ^{{Cite journal|last=Prather|first=Kimberly A.|last2=Dupont|first2=Christopher L.|last3=Burkart|first3=Michael D.|last4=Knight|first4=Rob|last5=Azam|first5=Farooq|last6=Malfatti|first6=Francesca|last7=Beall|first7=Charlotte M.|last8=Pham|first8=Kevin M.|last9=Lee|first9=Christopher|date=2018-05-22|title=Taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses in an experimental ocean-atmosphere mesocosm|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2017|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04409-z|pmid=29789621|pmc=5964107|issn=2041-1723}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/national-science-foundation-awards-scripps-oceanography-28-million-develop-advanced-ocean-and|title=National Science Foundation Awards Scripps Oceanography $2.8 Million to Develop Advanced Ocean and Atmosphere Simulator|date=2017-10-25|website=Scripps Institution of Oceanography|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/nsf_awards_20_million_for_continued_study_of_aerosols_at_uc_san_diego|title=NSF Awards $20 Million for Continued Study of Aerosols at UC San Diego|website=ucsdnews.ucsd.edu|access-date=2019-01-01}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.asms.org/about-asms-awards/research-awards|title=Research Awards|website=www.asms.org|access-date=2019-01-01}}
36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaef.de/frames/awards/smolaw.html|title=GAeF: SMOLUCHOWSKI Award|website=www.gaef.de|access-date=2019-01-01}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaar.org/awards/annual-awards/kenneth-t-whitby-award/|title=Kenneth T. Whitby Award|website=The American Association for Aerosol Research|access-date=2019-01-01}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://analyticaldivision.sites.acs.org/youngscientist.htm|title=Young Scientist|website=ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry|access-date=2019-01-01}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/thisweek/2009/04/27_sustainawards.asp|title=Members of the UCSD Community Recognized for Sustainability Efforts|website=ucsdnews.ucsd.edu|access-date=2019-01-01}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/awards/12-09AAAS.asp|title=Five UC San Diego Professors Named 2009 AAAS Fellows|website=ucsdnews.ucsd.edu|access-date=2019-01-01}}
41. ^{{Cite web|url=https://honors.agu.org/honorsfellow/2349-prather/|title=Prather|website=Honors Program|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}
42. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2010/april/american-chemical-society-president-elected-to-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences.html|title=American Chemical Society President elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
43. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/acs-award-for-creative-advances-in-environmental-science-and-technology.html|title=ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}
44. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www-chem.ucsd.edu/faculty/profiles/prather_kimberly_a.html|title=Prather, Kimberly|last=|first=|date=|website=www-chem.ucsd.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-01}}
45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/haagen-smit-clean-air-awards/haagen-smit-award-recipients|title=Haagen-Smit Award Recipients {{!}} California Air Resources Board|website=ww2.arb.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-01}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prather, Kimberly}}

8 : Women chemists|Environmental scientists|University of California, Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty|University of California, Davis alumni|University of California, San Diego faculty|University of California, Riverside faculty|Living people|Year of birth missing (living people)
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