| 词条 | Konstanty Rokicki |
| 释义 |
Konstanty Rokicki (born June 16, 1899 in Warsaw, died July 18, 1958 in Lucerne); he was Polish consular officer, vice consul of the Republic of Poland in Riga and Bern, Holocaust rescuer. Between 1941 and 1943 he was a member of the Bernese Group also called as Ładoś Group[1][2]. Rokicki used his diplomatic position of vice consul to produce false Latin American passports and had them smuggled to the German-occupied Poland and Netherlands where they saved lives of their Jewish bearers. Childhood and early careerRokicki was born to Józef and Konstancja née Pawełkiewicz. Being a cavalry lieutenant, he got two awards for bravery, probably during Poland's war of independence, or the Polish-Soviet war, 1919-1920. In 1934, he was qualified as reserve officer for the 1st Regiment of Riflemen.[3] On August 17, 1936, Rokicki married Maria, née Goldman (Goldmanis). The couple had a daughter, Wanda Rokicka (1938-2008), who would become a UN employee in Geneva. In 1931, he joined the consular service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Between 1932 and 1933, he was a contractual employee of the Polish Consulate in Minsk, at that time capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1934-1936 he was vice-consul in Riga, and in the years 1936-1938 a contract employee of the Polish Legation in Cairo. From 1939 to 1945, he was the vice-consul of the Republic of Poland in Bern. Holocaust rescue action and "passport affair"{{Further information|Bernese Group}}It is estimated that between 1941 and 1943, Rokicki and his subordinate, Jewish diplomat Juliusz Kühl produced several thousands of illegal Paraguayan passports which served as protection documents for Jews stranded in the Nazi ghettos in German-occupied Poland and who were threatened with deportation from German-occupied Netherlands.[4][5][6] Rokicki and Kühl personally bribed the Paraguayan honorary consul, Bernese notary Rudolf Hügli to obtain blank passes which Rokicki filled out with the names of the Polish Jews. The lists of beneficiaries and their photos were smuggled between Bern and occupied Poland thanks to the network of Jewish organizations, in particular Agudat Yisrael and RELICO, headed by Chaim Eiss and Abraham Silberschein respectively. The passports of Paraguay – unlike the passports of other Latin American countries – had a special value, because this country – under the pressure of Poland and the Holy See – temporarily recognized (1944) their validity. Later life and legacyConsul Rokicki left the diplomatic service in 1945, after the establishment of the pro-Soviet Provisional Government of National Unity and settled permanently in Switzerland. He died in Lucerne in July 1958, after several years of illness.[7] Rokicki's name was never mentioned by historians, despite the fact that Agudat Yisrael mentioned him in its thank you letter to the Polish government alongside Aleksander Ładoś, Juliusz Kühl and Stefan Ryniewicz. The organization claimed in it that, without their activities, it would not be possible to save "many hundreds of people".[8] Only in August 2017, Canadian journalist Mark MacKinnon [9] and Polish journalists Zbigniew Parafianowicz and Michał Potocki wrote about the role of Rokicki in the rescue operation.[10] One of the documents and the article by MacKinnon mention that the passports were also filled out by Kühl and Ryniewicz. This is unlikely, due to Kühl's lack of consular experience and the higher status of Ryniewicz, who was then the deputy head of the institution. Moreover, Kühl himself, whose diplomatic status was not recognized by the Swiss, indicated during his interrogation that falsifying the documents was carried by Rokicki.[11] Most of Paraguayan passports found in private archives of Holocaust survivors contain the same hand writing. See also
Literature
References1. ^{{cite web |title=President Andrzej Duda and Survivors will pay tribute to a Polish diplomat who saved more than 800 Jews |url=https://chicago.mfa.gov.pl/en/c/MOBILE/news/president_andrzej_duda_and_survivors_will_pay_tribute_to_a_polish_diplomat_who_saved_more_than_800_jews_ |website=chicago.mfa.gov.pl |publisher=Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Chicago}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rokicki, Konstanty}}2. ^{{cite web |last1=Kumoch |first1=Jakub |title=How we let a Holocaust hero be forgotten |url=http://www.israelhayom.com/2018/10/26/how-we-let-a-holocaust-hero-be-forgotten/ |website=israelhayom.com |publisher=Israel Hayom |accessdate=13 February 2019}} 3. ^Yearbook of Reserve Officers from 1934 p. 607 4. ^Rudolf Hügli’s interrogation, 18.01.1943, Federal Archives in Bern 5. ^Chaim Eiss’s interrogation, 14.05.1943, Federal Archives in Bern 6. ^Abraham Silberschein’s interrogation, 1.09.1943, Federal Archives in Bern 7. ^Konstanty Rokicki’s obituary, Życie Warszawy, July 1958 8. ^Harry A. Goodmann’s letter to Polish MFA, 02.01.1945, the Sikorski Institute, London 9. ^Mark Mackinnon: He should be as well known as Schindler: Documents reveal Canadian citizen Julius Kuhl as Holocaust hero, "The Globe and Mail", 8.08.2017 10. ^Zbigniew Parafianowicz, Michał Potocki, Forgotten righteous. How Aleksander Ładoś saved lives of hundreds of Jews, "Dziennik Gazeta Prawna", 8.08.2017 11. ^Julius Kühl’s interrogation, 22.05.1944, Federal Archives in Bern 6 : 1899 births|1958 deaths|Polish diplomats|Polish people of World War II|Polish exiles|People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust |
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