“Kuungkari”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Kuungkari

释义

Name
Country
Social organization
Initiation
History of contact
Alternative names
Notes
Citations
Sources

The Kuungkari are an indigenous Australian people of Queensland. They are to be distinguished from the Kunggari.^[1]

Name

According to an early colonist, J. Heagney, the word kuungkari (koongerri) meant "dry."{{sfn|Heagney|1886|p=374}}

Country

The traditional tribal lands of the Kunggari occupied {{convert|14,000|mi2|km2}} with extensive stretches of open grasslands. They lived around the eastern bank of the Thomson{{sfn|Heagney|1886|p=374}} and also on Cooper (Barcoo) rivers. Their western extensions ran to Jundah. The northern boundary lay at Westland and in the vicinity of Longreach. Towards the east, they took in Avington, Blackall, and Terrick Terrick. Their southern fronter ran from the western flank of the Grey Range through to Cheviot Range, Powell Creek, and Welford.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=179}}

Social organization

The Kuungkari were divided into at least five hordes.

Torraburri
Yankibura
Mokaburra{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=179}}

Initiation

They were one of the tribes that did not adopt the rite of circumcision into their initiatory practices.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=179}}

History of contact

White settlement in this area began around 1874-1878. It was estimated that at the time of first contact, the population of this area, including not only the Kuungkari, but two other tribes (the Bidia), was around 1,200. By 1883, women outnumbered the men, and an observer explained the reason:

"The women at present (1883) considerably outnumber the men, many of the latter having been shot down by the Whites when they first established themselves in the district... Since the advent of the Whites, few children are reared—the rifle, syphilis, and debauchery having, as usual, commenced the work of extermination."{{sfn|Heagney|1886|pp=375–376}}

Alternative names

Koonkerri
Kunggari
Kungeri, Koongerri
Yangeeberra
Tarawalla. (eastern dialect name).{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=179}}

Notes

Citations

1. ^{{AIATSIS|L38|Kungkari}}

Sources

{{Cite book| chapter = The Barcoo River, 40 miles West of Blackall

| last = Ahern | first = John
| year = 1887
| title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
| editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr
| volume = Volume 3 | pages = 72–75
| publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne
| url = https://archive.org/download/australianracei02currgoog/australianracei02currgoog.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = On two Queensland tribes

| last = Cameron | first = A. L. P.
| journal = Science of Man
| location = Sydney
| year = 1904 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 27–29
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Blackall-Barcoo River

| last1 = Dudley | first1 = Joseph I.
| last2 = Williams | first2 = T. S.
| year = 1887
| title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
| editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr
| volume = Volume 3 | pages = 76–77
| publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne
| url = https://archive.org/download/australianracei02currgoog/australianracei02currgoog.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| chapter = The Junction of the Thomson and Barcoo rivers, also the Whitula Creek.

| last = Heagney | first = J.
| year = 1886
| title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
| editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr
| volume = Volume 2 | pages = 374–379
| publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne
| url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924026093827/cu31924026093827.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| title = The native tribes of south-east Australia

| last = Howitt | first = Alfred William
| author-link = Alfred William Howitt
| year = 1904
| publisher = Macmillan
| url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Blackall-Barcoo River

| last = Hyde | first = T. H.
| year = 1887
| title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
| editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr
| volume = Volume 3 | pages = 78–81
| publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne
| url = https://archive.org/download/australianracei02currgoog/australianracei02currgoog.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = Tribes on Cherbourg Settlement, Queensland

| last = Kelly | first = C. Tennant
| journal = Oceania
| year = 1935 | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 461–473
| jstor = 40327813
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = Divisions of Queensland aborigines

| last = Mathews | first = R. H.
| author-link = Robert Hamilton Mathews
| journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
| location = Philadelphia
| year = 1898 | volume = 37 | pages = 327–336
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7103696
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Kunggari (QLD)

| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett
| author-link = Norman Tindale
| year = 1974
| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
| publisher = Australian National University
| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/kunggari.htm
| isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6
| ref = harv
}}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples of Queensland}}

1 : Aboriginal peoples of Queensland

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