| 词条 | La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana | |||||
| 释义 |
| name = La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana.jpg | image_size = 260px | image_alt = View of the Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana from San Lazaro | image_caption = View from San Lazaro | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_size = mapframe-zoom = 15 | building_type = Religious charity | architectural_style = Neo-classical | location = Cayo Hueso | address = San Lazaro y Belascoáin | location_city = Ciudad de La Habana | location_country = Cuba | coordinates = {{Coord|23|08|26.5|N|82|22|16.3|W|region:CU-02_type:landmark|display=title}} | namesake = La Casa Cuna | start_date = 1794 | demolition_date = 1959[1] | height = {{convert|16.74|meter}} | structural_system = Load bearing | material = Stone, wood | floor_count = 2 | grounds_area = {{convert|360,000|sqft}} | architect = Francisco Vambitelli[1]}} La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana ({{lang-es|The House of Charity and Maternity of Havana|lead=yes}}) was a former orphanage in Havana. The House of Charity was established in Cuba during a time of extreme poverty, unemployment, and corruption. HistoryThe Real Casa de Maternidad y Beneficencia emerged as a product of several transitions between "La Casa Cuna," the "Real Casa de Maternidad", and finally "La Casa de Beneficencia." It was not until 1794 during the government of Luis de las Casas that the Beneficencia was located in its final location in Barrio San Lazaro at the corners of San Lazaro and Belascoáin. The Casa Cuna was founded in 1687 by Bishop Diego Evelino Hurtado de Compostela. His death left the orphanage unfinished due to lack of resources to carry out his efforts.[2] His successor, Bishop Fray Gerónimo de Nosti y Valdés, took up his idea and restored the Casa Cuna in a building he built on the corner of Oficios and Muralla.[3] It originally housed two hundred orphans.[5] In the year 1792, Don Luis de Peñalver, on the initiative of the Countess of Jaruco, the Marquises of Cárdenas de Monte Hermoso, the Marquis of Casa Peñalver and the Bishop of the Provinces of Louisiana and Florida, founded the "Real Casa de Beneficencia." It accepted only females, settling in a cavalry room of land located in front of the San Lázaro cove, which was an area known as the Betancourt Garden that the Bishop of Peñalver gave for this purpose. They offered to contribute 36 thousand pesos, requesting the governor to manage the royal approval and suggest the land in front of the Caleta de San Lázaro with a view to the sea and running waters. Antonia María Menocal, a lady of Havana, left at the time of her death in 1830 a large legacy to be invested in charitable works. The executor assigned it to the creation of a Maternity House and for the preservation and education of children up to the age of six.[5][4] Marcial Dupierris in 1857 wrote: "The Real Casa de Beneficencia, which is also in the neighborhood of San Lazaro, is a large building, whose front faces the street Wide North, its side E. is on the road of Belascoaín, and extends to the S to face with the house of health of San Leopoldo, said Real establishment, is the refuge of the orphans of both secured {{sic}}. He is educated and supported until the age when he allows them to be applied to any kind of work. In one of the departments of their dependency there are the insane; in another the Cradle house—that is, in the spitting room.{{sic}} Those different departments are entrusted to the care of people who enjoy the best reputation. Of getting married, they receive a dowry of five hundred pesos that the house gives them, and when they are placed for the service of private homes, it is with the preceding report and recommendation of good reputation and morality of the people to whose care they are delivered."[5] La Casa de Maternidad was added to the Beneficiencia on the initiative of Spanish Governor Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, who administered the island from 1850 to 1852. La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad was administered by the Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País. In 1914, the State assumed the institution which continued to survive on the alms and the service of the Daughters of Charity of Cuba. The Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, the largest health facility in the country, was built in place of the former La Casa de Beneficencia.[3][5] BuildingThe Casa de Beneficencia eventually reached from Calles San Lazaro and Belascoáin to Marquez Gonzalez and Virtudes where the jai alai fronton was located.[7] A former orphan described the place: "Beneficencia had two gates; the front that overlooked San Lázaro street with a large garden. The right part of that building (facing north), corresponded to the chapel that was always open to the public. To the left of the main entrance were the school offices followed by the barber shop and other workshops. The students were never in those gardens where there was only the possibility of a visual contact with them. The other gate that served as access to the vehicles only was in the back of the school; that is, on Virtudes Street between Belascoaín and Lucena. On the right (always facing north), part of the building was located dedicated to the classrooms and on its left was the hospital... This magnificent school was converted into a barracks... they took us out of there to turn it into the Antonio Maceo military school."[1] TraditionChildren who had no last name were given the surname Valdés upon entering the charity. The name derived from Bishop Fray Gerónimo de Nosti y Valdés, successor of Diego Evelino Hurtado de Compostela.[3][8] Bishop Fray Gerónimo de Nosti y Valdés is buried at Iglesia del Espíritu Santo, Havana in La Habana Vieja. Mothers who abandoned their children for economic reasons or for the shame of being a single mother, could deliver them without showing their face or revealing their identity. Ciro Bianchi Ross wrote: "For that, in the side façade of the building that faced the Belascoaín Road, there was the lathe; the infant was placed in it and the deposit was turned at the touch of a bell, and on the other side the abandoned child received a nun from the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, a congregation that served that semi-private institution that tried to supply the official lack of attention in its attempt to redeem evils that the State did not suppress or remedy..."[1] The nuns were of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paulo (Hermanas de la Caridad de San Vicente de Paulo), the congregation that served La Casa de Beneficencia. LegacyLa Casa de Beneficencia inspired the protagonist of Cecilia Valdés, written by Cirilo Villaverde. Cecilia Valdés is also the protagonist of Reinaldo Arenas's La Loma del Angel.[9][10] Real characters that flourished from La Casa de Beneficencia were: the poet Gabriel de la Concepcion Valdés (Plácido), the priest Fray José Olallo Valdés, and the doctor Juan Bautista Valdés, among others.[3] GalleryReferences1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.cubaenelmundo.com/Articulos/casanas/casanas30.htm|title=LA CASA DE BENEFICENCIA Y MATERNIDAD DE LA HABANA |access-date=2018-12-02}} {{Portal|Cuba}}{{Havana landmarks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana}}2. ^{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@robertodominguez_64426/la-real-casa-cuna-de-la-habana-por-omar-r%C3%ADos-g-tesoro-territorial-a-central-y-caribe-834ccc23d031|title=LA REAL CASA CUNA DE LA HABANA|access-date=2018-09-23}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.cibercuba.com/lecturas/la-real-casa-de-beneficencia-y-maternidad|title=La Real Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad|access-date=2018-09-15}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_o8WAQAAIAAJ&lpg=RA1-PA71&ots=lhLst387Cm&dq=Antonia%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Menocal&pg=RA1-PA71#v=onepage&q=Antonia%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Menocal&f=false|title=Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Fïsicas y ..., Volumes 40-41|access-date=2018-09-23}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.monografias.com/trabajos108/vista-fija-lugar-centro-habana-cayo-hueso/vista-fija-lugar-centro-habana-cayo-hueso2.shtml|title=Cayo Hueso: Con la vista fija en un lugar de Centro Habana |access-date=2018-11-28}} 6. ^[https://www.northamericanforts.com/Latin/cuba.html] 7. ^ 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.ecured.cu/Casa_de_Beneficencia_y_Maternidad#Apellido_Vald.C3.A9s/media/File:EcuRed |title=Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad |access-date=2018-09-14}} 9. ^Arenas, Reinaldo. La Loma del Angel. US, 1987. {{ISBN|978-0-380-75075-7}} 10. ^Rosell, Sara. “‘Cecilia Valdés’ De Villaverde a Arenas: La (Re)Creación Del Mito De La Mulata.”Afro-Hispanic Review, vol. 18, no. 2, 1999, pp. 15–21. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41826908. 6 : Buildings and structures in Havana|Education in Havana|Neoclassical architecture in Cuba|Schools in Cuba|Schools in Havana|Streets in Havana |
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